不规则波在筑堤珊瑚礁上传播的大水槽实验研究

基于大比尺波浪水槽模型实验,开展了不规则波在建有防浪堤的珊瑚礁陡变地形上传播变形规律的研究。采用弗劳德相似准则,通过1∶20的物理模型实验,模拟了不同水位和波高周期条件下,波浪从深水(d/L_01/2)到极浅水(d/L_0 1/50)的传播-破碎-壅水过程。实验测得了陡坡19 m水深和7 m水深的浅水变形系数,结果表明波浪在陡变地形上的浅水变形系数与缓坡地形差别较大,且在一定范围内随相对水深的减小而减小;随着传播距离的增加,高频能量不断减小,能量会向低频转移,产生10倍以上入射波周期的低频波浪,且越靠近防浪墙,低频能量越大,水位壅高越大;利用低通滤波技术,测得了礁盘上壅水显著,结果表明防浪堤前的平均波浪增水与外海入射波高的平方成正比。     

Decadal changes in distribution and frequency of wood in a free meandering river,the Ain River,France

This study examined the temporal dynamics and longitudinal distribution of wood over a multi‐decadal timescale at the river reach scale (36 km) and a meander bend scale (300–600 m) in the Ain River, a large gravel‐bed river flowing through a forested corridor, and adjusting to regulation and floodplain land‐use change. At the 36 km scale, more wood was recruited by bank erosion in 1991–2000 than since the 1950s. The longitudinal distribution of accumulations was similar between 1989 and 1999, but in both years individual pieces occurred homogeneously throughout the reach, while jam distribution was localized, associated with large concave banks. A relationship between the mean number of pieces and the volume recruited by bank erosion (r² = 0·97) indicated a spatial relationship between areas of wood production and storage. Wood mass stored and produced and channel sinuosity increased from 1993 to 2004 at three meander bends. Sinuosity was related to wood mass recruited by bank erosion during the previous decade (r² = 0·73) and both of these parameters were correlated to the mean mass of wood/plot (r² = 0·98 and 0·69 respectively), appearing to control wood storage and delivery at the bend scale. This suggests a local origin of wood stored in channel, not input from upstream trapped by preferential sites. The increase in wood since 1950 is a response to floodplain afforestation, to a change from braided to meandering channel pattern in response to regulation, and to recent large floods. We observed temporal stability of supply and depositional sectors over a decade (on a reach scale). Meander bends were major storage sites, trapping wood with concave banks, also delivering wood. These results, and the link between sinuosity and wood frequency, establish geomorphology as a dominant wood storage and recruitment control in large gravel‐bed rivers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丽江市冰雹天气的红外云图和雷达回波特征分析

利用丽江市2006—2008年3—9月的25次降雹资料，分析了丽江市冰雹时空分布特征和大气环流特征。选取2008年3月22日、6月9日和9月24日发生在丽江3次冰雹天气过程的红外云图和雷达回波进行分析，结果表明：春季南支槽冰雹天气云层厚度小（类似层状云降水）且TBB值较高，冰雹云雷达回波强度弱，高度低；夏秋季节在典型环流背景下，强对流冰雹云的TBB值最低、最集中、附近强对流天气单体活动最剧烈，在雷达回波上表现为较大区域内出现有组织、相对孤立的点状回波，这些点状回波发展较快、生命史较长，通过雷达加密监测，可及时发现对流天气并及时预警。     

Influence of livestock soil eutrophication on floral composition in the Pyrenees mountains

Livestock behaviour in the Pyrenees includes free grazing and a long resting period that provokes the accumulation of dung and urine in some places,so-called camping areas. The aims of this study were （i） to analyze any change in floral composition,and in nutritional and chemical contents of plants in a livestock camping area; and （ii） to relate the floral composition with soil chemical properties. In a linear transect,five sampling zones were established,from the centre of the camping area to the surrounding Nardus stricta-dominant pasture. The above ground plant biomass and the topsoil were sampled in each zone with 6 replicates per zone. Plant species were classified and weighed to calculate above ground biomass,nutritional and chemical contents,and Shannon diversity and evenness indices. Additionally,soils were sampled in two periods,at the beginning and at the end of grazing period. Soil available nutrients （nitrate,ammonium,phosphorus,potassium,calcium and magnesium）,total nitrogen,organic carbon and pH were measured.
Plant chemical contents （protein,lignin and others） were significantly related to the proportions of grasses,legumes and other plants; so,the protein content is positively correlated with legumes plant biomass while lignin content is negatively correlated with grasses. Both plant and soil nutrients increased linearly towards the centre of the camping area. However,the relationship among plant species richness,diversity and evenness relative to its position along the studied transect was bell-shaped. From the outskirts to the centre of the camping area,plants with low nutrient demand were progressively replaced by those with medium and high nutrients demand and by pioneers.
Nardus stricta-dominant pasture has low plant diversity and plant nutrient content as well as a poor soil nutrient availability. The presence of the camping area introduced patches with more soil nutrients and new species in the large spatial scale. However at a small spatial scale,the strong soil nutrien     

Numerical Simulation of Self-Excited and Forced Vibration of Circular Cylinders in Current

Numerical simulations of a low-mass-damping circular cylinder which can oscillate freely at transverse and streamwise directions are presented in this work.The Navier-Stokes equations are solved with finite volume method,and large eddy simulation of vortex is also performed in the calculation.In order to implement dynamic mesh,overlapping grids are generated to lessen the computation for mesh field itself.Self-excited vibrations are firstly calculated to obtain the average amplitudes and frequencies of the target circular cylinder in the current flow situation,and then forced oscillations are implemented with parameters obtained in vortex-induced vibrations previously.With slight amplitude modulation,time series of displacements in vortex-induced vibrations are essentially harmonic.Regarding the fluid force,which are larger in forced oscillations than those in corresponding self-excited cases because the fluid subtracts energy from the forced cylinders.The phase angles between forces and displacements are 0° and 180° for self-excited case and forced case respectively.In vortex-induced vibrations,the interactions between fluid and structure produce some weakly energetic vortices which induce the modulations of amplitude and frequency.     

利用无人机倾斜摄影三维模型进行大比例尺成图技术研究

在无人机倾斜摄影三维模型的基础上，利用数据的去噪优化、主基线提取和主基线优化等创新技术，研发大比例尺测图系统，解决了常规的全野外数字测图方法工作量大，老城区建筑物密集，受通视条件和住户封闭性、私密性的影响，以及工序复杂、成本高等问题。设定严密的法则和阈值剔除粗差、优化组合，可确保基线的质量，保证测绘成果的精度。     

Steady state flow with hydraulic conductivity change around large diameter wells

Darcian flow law in aquifers assumes that the aquifer hydraulic conductivity is constant and the groundwater movement is due only to the piezometric level changes through hydraulic gradient. In practice, after the well development the aquifer just around the well has comparatively larger hydraulic conductivity and gradient. Patchy aquifer solutions in the literature consider sudden hydraulic conductivity changes with distance for the steady state flow. The change of transmissivity is demonstrated by the application of slope‐matching procedure to actual field data. It is the main purpose of this paper to derive simple analytical expressions for aquifer parameter evaluations with steadily decreasing hydraulic conductivity around the well. Spatial nonlinear hydraulic conductivity changes around a large‐diameter well within the depression cone of a confined aquifer are considered as exponentially decreasing functions of the radial distance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulating wetland impacts on stream flow in southern Africa using a monthly hydrological model

The processes that occur in wetlands and natural lakes are often overlooked and not fully incorporated in the conceptual development of many hydrological models of basin runoff. These processes can exert a considerable influence on downstream flow regimes and are critical in understanding the general patterns of runoff generation at the basin scale. This is certainly the case for many river basins of southern Africa which contain large wetlands and natural lakes and for which downstream flow regimes are altered through attenuation, storage and slow release processes that occur within the water bodies. Initial hydrological modelling studies conducted in some of these areas identified the need to explicitly account for wetland storage processes in the conceptual development of models. This study presents an attempt to incorporate wetland processes into an existing hydrological model, with the aim of reducing model structural uncertainties and improving model simulations where the impacts of wetlands or natural lakes on stream flow are evident. The approach is based on relatively flexible functions that account for the input–storage–output relationships between the river channel and the wetland. The simulation results suggest that incorporating lake and wetland storage processes into modelling can provide improved representation (the right results for the right reason) of the hydrological behaviour of some large river basins, as well as reducing some of the uncertainties in the quantification of the original model parameters used for generating the basin runoff. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大面阵数字航测相机像面照度改正算法

在大面阵数字航测相机的使用过程中，南于视场角较大，存在着获取的影像光照不均匀的问题。为得到理想的结果，必须对航摄相机的影像进行匀光处理。分析光照度不均匀产生的原因，得到由中心向四周的变化与cos^4ω成正比，确定光照度的改正模型。并使用直接匀光法对像片进行处理，得到理想的结果。然后根据实际工程应用的需要，结合马斯克匀光理论，使用模版匀光的方法，简化处理过程。并运用反差同步改正的方法提高图像的质量。最后对两种方法处理的时间进行比较，模版匀光方法大幅提高工作的效率。     

无人机倾斜摄影测量在三维模型测图中的应用

针对传统大比例尺测图存在人工成本高、外业工作量大、效率低等问题，本文提出了通过无人机倾斜摄影测量，利用ContextCapture进行实景三维建模，运用PSG软件实现裸眼三维测图的方法。以湖南省桂阳县欧阳海镇为例，进行了1：500大比例尺地籍测图，并对精度进行了验证。结果表明，检测点平面位置中误差为0.046 m，检测点高程中误差为0.048 m，小于规范要求的0.05 m。综上所述，成果满足1：500地籍测图精度要求，该方法能够提高测图作业的效率。