阳江地区海陆风特征及其影响

以阳江地区常规气象站、中尺度观测网的自动气象站和海边的2个80m梯度观测塔资料为依据,对该地区海陆风特征及其影响进行研究,结果表明,阳江地区海陆风西岸早于东岸.在近地层,海陆风随高度升高而增大,5月份前后有时海陆风较浅,不能影响到80m高度.陆风转海风多发生在11:00-12:00之间,海风转陆风发生在23:00前后,都发生在日气压变化的峰值时段.海陆风与山谷风叠加可以达到离海岸线70～75km的内陆地区,但并不能越过云雾山山脉.海陆转换时期,在沿海海湾地区形成辐合区,这个辐合区使其北侧阳江市区附近成为广东4-7月的多雨中心,海风加强向北进到达阳春附近的"喇叭口"地区产生辐合,又使该地成为阳江4-7月另一个多雨地区,这些都是阳江成为广东省暴雨中心的重要因素之一.另外,如果海陆风环流没有受到破坏,阳江沿海地区不会出现高温天气.     

海风锋导致雷暴生成和加强规律研究

应用雷达和地面自动气象站资料结合订正的天津探空资料,分三种类型统计分析了2004—2009年雷达监测到的50次由渤海湾海风锋导致雷暴生成和加强的规律及对应的天气背景;应用VDRAS系统资料分析了第三种类型（在不稳定环境下,沿海风锋直接触发雷暴）的热力、动力结构特征。结果表明:（1）强对流不稳定环境下,沿海风锋可以直接触发雷暴并沿海风锋移动的同时发展加强;（2）不同的类型在雷暴生成的位置、发展加强的速度、强度等方面都有明显的不同;（3）Ⅰ型对应背景场的动力条件更为有利,强对流天气更为剧烈,Ⅲ型对应背景场的热力、动力条件和水汽条件更为有利,对流抑制指数（CIN）小;（4）海风锋使得低层形成中尺度辐合线,沿海风锋垂直上升速度从地面一直延伸至3 km高度,强中心出现在1.5～3.0 km高度,最大风速达1.9 m·s^-1。     

扎陵湖和鄂陵湖大气边界层特征的数值模拟

利用美国科罗拉多州立大学和MRC/ASTER发展的中尺度数值模式RAMS(Regional Atmos-pheric Modeling System),设计了有、无湖对比模拟试验,以NCEP再分析资料作为初始条件和边界条件进行了120h的三重嵌套模拟试验。结果表明,模式的模拟性能良好。模拟的大气边界层特征显示,由于扎陵湖、鄂陵湖的存在,白天(夜晚)具有很好的降温(保温)作用,并表现出明显的冷(暖)湖效应;在白天(夜晚)扎陵湖、鄂陵湖有明显的湖(陆)风效应;在两湖之间的陆地低层有辐合和风切变,且鄂陵湖西岸的湖风比扎陵湖东岸的强,削弱了扎陵湖东岸的湖风;扎陵湖、鄂陵湖使得白天湖区的边界层顶低,周边陆地区域的边界层顶高,夜间则相反;扎陵湖、鄂陵湖对感热和潜热的影响有很强的日变化,白天湖面的感热小于周围陆地,夜间湖面的潜热则大于周围陆地。     

药剂与粉煤灰联合处理再生造纸废水的实验研究

通过混凝实验探讨了用PAC处理再生造纸废水的最佳混凝条件.在此基础上,选用PAM为助凝剂,通过正交实验,获得了较佳的水平条件:先加PAM,质量浓度为3 mg/L,后加PAC,质量浓度为0.2 g/L,反应9 min;处理后的出水经粉煤灰过滤,ρ(COD)可降至37.383 mg/L,ρ(BOD)为20.7 mg/L,浊度为0,pH为11.12,在空气中放置24 h后pH变为8.02.     

澳门及其邻近地区海陆风的模拟

利用宾州／美国国家大气研究中心的ＭＭ５模式来模拟澳门的海陆风和珠江口的三维风场。模式设计为四重套网格,分辨率分别为 １ｋｍ,３ ｋｍ,９ ｋｍ,２７ ｋｍ。使用常规观测资料作为初始场,模拟时间为３０小时。结果表明采用高分辨率（１ｋｍ）模拟能很好地捕捉到澳门的海风和陆风。海风锋和热力内边界层也清楚可见。如果最小分辨率为３ ｋｍ,则只捕捉到海风,陆风却模拟不出来。     

Simulation of a Summer Urban Breeze Over Paris

Numerical simulations for an anticyclonic summer episode in the Paris area have been performed at the meso- scale for a 48-hour period, and compared to observations from a dense operational observational network. The meteorological stations have been classified, according to the extent of urbanization of their surroundings, into four classes (central Paris, urban, suburban, and rural). The atmospheric model, coupled with an urban surface scheme, correctly reproduces the temperature (within 1 K from the observations) and humidity. The intense urban heat island during the night is also well represented.Following the validation, the model is used to quantify atmospheric effects of Paris on the boundary layer, through a comparison with a purely rural simulation. At night, the model simulates a neutral or even slightly unstable boundary layer to a depth of 200 m over the city. In contrast, a very stable layer formed in the countryside. During the day, the boundary layer was more turbulent and 500 m deeper over Paris; vertical velocities of up to 1 m s^-1 were created over the city. This leads to an urban breeze with convergence at low levels (with winds around 5 to 7 m s^-1), and divergence at the boundary-layer top (with similar wind speeds). The horizontal extent of the breeze reaches for more than 50 km from the city centre, and could have an important impact on pollutant diffusion in the area for calm days.Finally, three other spring cases are presented briefly. These show that an urban breeze develops if the synoptic wind is weak enough or disorganized; an urban plume develops otherwise.     

Thermodynamic structure of the marine atmosphere over the region 80–87°E along 13°N during August (phase II) BOBMEX-99

Thermodynamic structure of the marine atmosphere in the region between 80 and 87‡E along 13‡N over the Bay of Bengal was studied using 13 high resolution radiosonde profiles from surface-400 hPa collected onboard ORV Sagar Kanya during the period 27th–30th August, during BOBMEX-99. Saturation point concept, mixing line analysis and conserved variable diagrams have been used to identify boundary layer characteristics such as air mass movement and stability of the atmosphere. The results showed relatively dry air near the ocean surface between 1000 and 950 hPa. This feature is confirmed by the conserved teta_v structure in this layer. Further, teta_v seldom showed any inversions in this region. The teta_e and teta_es profiles showed persistent low cloud layers between 900 and 700 hPa. The conserved variable diagrams (teta_e-q) showed the existence of double mixing line structures approximately at 950 and 700 hPa levels.     

A Two-Dimensional Numerical Study of the Impact of a City on Atmospheric Circulation and Pollutant Dispersion in a Coastal Environment

The urban impact on the sea breeze is studied by means of a mesoscale model with a detailed urban parameterisation. Four simulations are carried out on an idealised two-dimensional flat domain. In the base case, half of the domain is characterised by seaand the other half by rural land. In the urban case, an urban area 10 km wide is added near the shoreline. Simulations are performed for a moist rural soil (weak sea breeze) and for a dry rural soil (strong sea breeze). Results are analysed in order to evaluate the impact of the city on the wind, temperature and turbulent kinetic energy fields. The dispersion of a passive tracer emitted near the coastline is, also, used in the comparison. Results show that the city accelerates the sea-breeze formation in the morning (combinations of urban circulation and sea breeze), but it slows thesea-breeze front penetration. Moreover, the presence of the city enhances the recirculation processes and strongly modifies the pollutant dispersion. These effects are enhanced for a moist rural soil.     

Thermal internal boundary layer characteristics at a tropical coastal site as observed by a mini-SODAR under varying synoptic conditions

Atmospheric boundary layer observations are conducted at a coastal site during a transition phase from winter to summer season over the Indian peninsula. Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (TIBL) characteristics in presence of an off-shore and a weakly influenced on-shore synoptic wind are examined with the help of measurements carried out with a mini-SODAR (SOund Detection And Ranging), tethered balloon, and tower-based micrometeorological measurements. Influence of the changing synoptic scale conditions on turbulent characteristics of TIBL is discussed. Mini-SODAR data showed the development and decay of sea and land breeze. It is seen that the characteristics of TIBL over the coastal land after sea breeze onset are similar to that of a shallow convective boundary layer (CBL) commonly found over plain land. Inside the TIBL, a maximum wind speed was noted close to the surface due to the penetration of sea breeze. In the off-shore case, a distinct sea breeze circulation was observed unlike in the case of on-shore flow. In the presence of weak on-shore case, a ‘minor sea’ breeze is noted before the establishment of sea breeze and a reduction in the momentum fluxes gives rise to decrease in the turbulence intensity. Updraft in the sea breeze front was stronger during weak synoptic conditions. Influence of synoptic changes on the sea breeze-land breeze circulation such as onset, strength and duration of the sea-land breeze are also examined. This work was done while the first author was a visiting scientist at IGCAR, Kalpakkam, India.