雷州半岛人工增雨研究与应用

通过对雷州半岛云水资源气候分布、云的宏观动力学和微观物理学、降水形成机制、人工增雨机制、冷云催化剂与暧云催化剂、播云方式与催化方法的研究和对外场试验的总结，表明：雷州半岛空中具有丰富的云水资源。有暖云降水机制、冷云降水机制和混态云“播种一供水”降水增强机制。人工增雨可进行静力催化和动力催化，使用的冷云催化剂为冰核和致冷剂，暖云催化剂为吸湿性巨核。适宜的人工增雨作业工具为飞机、火箭、地面蚶丙酮溶液燃烟发生器、气球携带AgI焰弹、增雨炮艇等。37高炮不适宜在雷州半岛使用。     

几种环境因子对虾蟹类非特异性免疫的影响

综述了近10a国内外有关重金属、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐、有机污染物等几种环境因子对虾蟹类非特异性免疫影响的研究成果,以期为通过改善养殖环境条件提高虾蟹类自身免疫抗病力提供理论依据.同时,为进一步深入开展该领域的研究工作积累资料.     

3种经济螺体内4种重金属元素含量及评价

以样品湿法消解消化法和火焰原子吸收光谱仪测定大口乳玉螺扁玉螺、亮螺的肌肉、肝脏、性腺3种器官组织中的As、Pb、Cd、Zn等4种金属元素的含量．分析不同种类的螺各器官重金属含量和重金属污染指数，评价各种螺的重金属污染反映其受污染程度和食用价值．结果表明：重金属在不同种类水产品不同组织器官中的分布不同；3种螺都受到了不同程度的重金属污染；3种螺的As都超过了“海洋生物污染评价标准”和“人体消费卫生标准”，其他的3种重金属含量也都不同程度地超过“两个标准”．     

重盐碱地养殖池塘水化学特性的研究

2007年6月～10月对位于黄河下游重盐碱地凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘的水化学特性进行了研究.结果表明:(1)该地区水体的水型主要表现为ClNaⅢ,总含盐量较高,平均(2143.77±859.18)mg/L,在阴离子中,氯离子含量最高,平均(944.07±477.57)mg/L.(2)pH值较高,各池塘平均值为8.79～9.15,在整个养殖周期中水体pH＞8.5的比例占87.9%,pH＞9的比例占47.0%.(3)总硬度较高,平均为(11.96±3.69)mmol/L,极值范围为7.05～22.4mmol/L,主要表现为镁硬度.(4)水体中营养元素氮的含量较高,活性磷的含量相对较低,而总磷含量较丰富,能够满足浮游植物生长的需求.     

涠洲岛潮滩表层沉积物中重金属的空间分布及其环境质量评价

根据2006年4月对涠洲岛潮滩表层沉积物的调查资料,分析了表层沉积物中重金属元素Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As的含量水平及空间分布特征,运用单因子评价法对其环境质量进行了评估,并通过相关性分析、因子分析探讨了几种重金属元素的物源.结果表明:涠洲岛潮滩环境质量状况良好,各元素均未达到污染水平,多数地区存在Cu的玷污,个别地区存在As的玷污;各分析元素较多的累积在人为活动相对频繁的XKZ、W05断面附近区域;Hg、Cu、Zn、Cr显著正相关,以环境背景来源为主,Pb、As较多的受到人为因素的影响.     

西北干旱区近50年气候变化特征与趋势

20世纪后期全球增暖趋势越来越明显,受全球增暖的影响,西北地区的气候也将受到不同程度的影响。选取了西北干旱区1951～2000年的21个代表站点气温、降水量资料,采用趋势系数法对西北干旱区近50年气温和降水变化进行分析,找出各分区的变化趋势。结果表明:近50年西北干旱区气温呈上升趋势(0.22℃/10 a),1986年后气温明显升高;柴达木盆地和新疆北部升温较大;各季都有增温趋势,贡献最大的是秋冬两季。降水变化有增加的趋势(3.2 mm/10 a),年降水量贡献最大的是夏季;各区降水都有增加,其中新疆北部降水增加最多。西北干旱区近50年气温升高趋势是南北高,中间低;降水量增加趋势从东南向西北呈现递增的格局。     

A MIXTURE MODEL OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN PERU*

A two component mixed log-normal distribution effectively models annual precipitation totals at two stations in Peru characterized by widely differing interannual patterns of precipitation. Physical evidence supports the division of station records into two subsamples. Years with ENSO events and years without ENSO events identify the components of a mixed probability model. The mixed model produces a superior fit to the two parameter log-normal distribution. Model application provides a reliable means of precipitation prediction and also quantitatively describes the highly variable temporal and spatial pattern of annual precipitation in western Peru.     

辽河曙光油田蒸气吞吐开采过程中水岩作用的研究

稠油蒸气吞吐开采过程中，注入储层的高温水蒸气与储层岩石发生了强烈的水岩作用，使注入水的化学成分产生了显著的变化，根据这种变化，结合水岩作用室内模拟实验的研究成果，在确定水岩作用方式的基础上，使用元素质量守衡计算方法对辽河曙光油田的水岩作用量进行了计算，结果表明，注入水在储层运动过程中，溶解了大量的石英和高岭石，同时沉淀出大量的钠蒙脱石，该结果很好地吻合了室内实验成果。     

APPLICATION OF PATTERN RECOGNITION TO SPECIATION DATA OF HEAVY METALS IN SUSPENDED PARTICULATES OF URBAN AIR

In order to get a better knowledge of the air pollution levels of the urban air of Barcelona,twelvesamples from three stations of the air-monitoring control network were analysed.Each control station isrepresentative of a different environmental situation.Thus the station at Plaa Molina responds to asimple domestic and urban traffic situation;the station at Poble Nou to the influence of medium andsmall industries,mainly metallurgical;and the station at Montcada to a zone in which there existimportant industries,a cement factory,two highways and railroads.The total content of unsedimentable particles,three inorganic anions(chlorides,sulphates andnitrates)and six heavy metals(Fe,Pb,Cu,Mn,Cr and Cd)were determined on all the samples obtainedduring the same period of time.The use of an analytical scheme of sequential extraction has alsopermitted the subdivision of the total content of each metal into the following four fractions:(1)solubleor exchangeable;(2)associated with carbonates and/or with iron and manganese oxides;(3)bound toorganic matter;and(4)residual.The use of principal component analysis applied to the data as a whole showed the associations andcorrelations between the various parameters as well as between the different above mentioned fractions.The predominant presence of Cd in the‘soluble or exchangeable’fraction is confirmed,while the othermetals are mainly associated with the‘carbonates and/or Fe and Mn oxides’and‘bound to organicmatter’fractions.Hierarchical cluster analysis applied to the twelve samples showed clearly the presence of threedifferent classes closely related to the origin(station)of the samples.Thus it becomes feasible to proposefor each station a possible profile of the content in terms of the different parameters considered.     

Groundwater recharge through an alluvial fan in the Atacama Desert,northern Chile: mechanisms,magnitudes and causes

The Chacarilla fan in the Atacama Desert is one of several formed in the Late Miocene at the foot of the Pre‐Andean Cordillera overlying the large, complex, Pampa Tamarugal aquifer contained in the continental clastic sediments of the fore‐arc basin. The Pampa Tamarugal aquifer is a strategic source of water for northern Chile but there is continuing doubt over the resource magnitude and recharge. During January 2000 a 1 in 4 year storm in the Andes delivered a 34 million m³ flash flood to the fan apex where c. 70% percolated to the underlying aquifers. Groundwater recharge through the fan is calculated to be a minimum of 200 l/s or 6% of the long‐term catchment rainfall. These figures are supported by hydrochemical data that suggest that recharge may be 9% of long‐term rainfall. Isotopic data suggest groundwater less than 50 years old is transmitted westward through the permeable sheetflood sediments of the fan overlying the main aquifer. Analysis of this and other events shows that the hydrological system is non‐linear with positive feedback. The magnitude of groundwater recharge is dependent on climatic variations, antecedent soil moisture storage and changes in channel characteristics. Long‐term declines in groundwater level may partly result from climatic fluctuations and the causes of such fluctuations are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.