城市发展对中国华北区域极端温度事件的影响(英文)

The regional changes of daily temperature extremes in North China caused by urbanization are studied further from observed facts and model estimates on the basis of homogenized daily series of maximum and minimum temperature observations from 268 meteorological stations, NCEP/DOE AMIP-Ⅱ reanalysis data(R-2), and the data of simulations by regional climate model(RegCM3). The observed facts of regional warming on long time scales are obtained by analyzing the indices of temperature extremes during two time periods of 1961–2010 and 1951–2010. For urbanization effect, the contributions to decreases in annual and winter diurnal temperature range(DTR) are 56.0% and 52.9%, respectively, and increases in the lowest minimum temperature(TNn) are 35.7% and 26.2% by comparison of urban and rural observations. Obtained by R-2 data with observations for contrast, on the other hand, increase in the number of annual warm nights(TN90p) contributed by urbanization is 60.9%. And observed facts of regional warming in daily temperature extremes are also reflected in the simulations, but what difference is urbanization progress at rural areas in North China would be prominent in the next few years relative to urban areas to some extent from model estimates.     

Revealing hidden persistence in maximum rainfall records

ABSTRACT

Clustering of extremes is critical for hydrological design and risk management and challenges the popular assumption of independence of extremes. We investigate the links between clustering of extremes and long-term persistence, else Hurst-Kolmogorov (HK) dynamics, in the parent process exploring the possibility of inferring the latter from the former. We find that (a) identifiability of persistence from maxima depends foremost on the choice of the threshold for extremes, the skewness and kurtosis of the parent process, and less on sample size; and (b) existing indices for inferring dependence from series of extremes are biased downward when applied to non-Gaussian processes. We devise a probabilistic index based on the probability of occurrence of peak-over-threshold events across multiple scales, which can reveal clustering, linking it to the persistence of the parent process. Its application shows that rainfall extremes may exhibit noteworthy departures from independence and consistency with an HK model.     

近50年华北地区极端气候分析

Climate extremes for agriculture-pasture transitional zone, northem China, are analyzed on the basis of daily mean temperature and precipitation observations for 31 stations in the period 1956-2001. Analysis season for precipitation is May-September, i.e., the rainy season. For temperature is the hottest three months, i.e., June through August. Heavy rain events, defined as those with daily precipitation equal to or larger than 50 mm, show no significant secular trend. A jump-like change, however, is found occurring in about 1980. For the period 1980-1993, the frequency of heavy rain events is significantly lower than the previous periods. Simultaneously, the occurring time of heavy rains expanded, commencing about one month early and ending one month later. Long dry spells are defined as those with longer than 10 days without rainfall. The frequency of long dry spells displays a significant (at the 99% confidence level) trend at the value of 8.3% /10a. That may be one of the major causes of the frequent droughts emerging over northern China during the last decades. Extremely hot and low temperature events are defined as the uppermost 10% daily temperatures and the lowest 10% daily temperatures, respectively. There is a weak and non-significant upward trend in frequency of extremely high temperatures from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. But the number of hot events increases as much as twice since 1997. That coincides well with the sudden rise in mean summer temperature for the same period. Contrary to that, the fiequency of low temperature events have been decreasing steadily since the 1950s, with a significant linear trend of-15%/10a.     

基于Copula函数的鄱阳湖流域极值流量遭遇频率及灾害风险

在以气温上升为主要特征的全球气候变化导致区域水循环加剧、极端气候水文事件频发的背景下,对极端水文事件,特别是水文极值遭遇频率的科学认识,对区域防洪抗旱具有重要意义.基于此,本文引入当前多变量分析中较常用的Copula函数.分析鄱阳湖流域主要支流赣江与抚河、乐安河与昌江的洪水、枯水流量联合概率特征,并对引起该流域水文极值...     

冬季北大西洋涛动极端异常变化与东亚冬季风

依据资料分析发现,冬季北大西洋涛动指数与冬季西伯利亚高压范围呈反向变化关系,冬季北大西洋涛动指数异常偏高（低）时期,30～50oN的亚洲大陆中部气压显著偏低（高）,致使冬季西伯利亚高压和东亚冬季风减弱（增强）以及亚洲大陆北部气温显著偏高（低）。冬季西伯利亚高压范围异常变化对北大西洋涛动没有显著的影响,其对北半球海平面气压、850 hPa温度的影响也明显要弱于北大西洋涛动的影响。     

中国降水极值变化趋势检测

利用中国２９６个分布均匀的测站的逐日降水资料,研究了中国过去４５ａ中降水量、降水频率、降水强度等方面的极值变化趋势。结果表明,总体上讲,中国年降水量、１日和３日最大降水量以及不同级别的强降水总量没有发现明显的极端化倾向,但伴随着降水日数极端偏多的区域范围越来越小的变化趋势,平均降水强度极端偏高的区域范围表现为扩大的趋势。中国降水极值变化还反映出明显的区域性特点。在中国东部,平均降水强度极值出现的范围趋于扩大。如华北地区在年降水量明显趋于减少的同时,年降水量极端偏多的范围减少,１日和３日最大降水量、日降水≥５０ｍｍ和１００ｍｍ的暴雨日数极端偏多的情况也趋于减少,而平均降水强度极值显著增加。在年降水明显趋于增多的西北西部地区,降水日数的极值变化趋势不明显,但年降水量、１日和３日最大降水量以及日降水≥１０ｍｍ的降水总量极端偏多的区域范围均反映出趋于增加的变化趋势。     

Future high- and low-flow estimations for Central Vietnam: a hydro-meteorological modelling chain approach

We apply a complex hydro-meteorological modelling chain for investigating the impact of climate change on future hydrological extremes in Central Vietnam, a region characterized by limited data availability. The modelling chain consists of six General Circulation Models (GCMs), six Regional Climate Models (RCMs), six bias correction (BC) approaches, the fully distributed Water Flow and Balance Simulation Model (WaSiM), and extreme values analysis. Bias corrected and raw climate data are used as input for WaSiM. To derive hydrological extremes, the generalized extreme value distribution is fitted to the annual maxima/minima discharge. We identify limitations according to the fitting procedure and the BC methods, and suggest the usage of the delta change approach for hydrological decision support. Tendencies towards increased high- and decreased low flows are concluded. Our study stresses the challenges in using current GCMs/RCMs in combination with state-of-the-art BC methods and extreme value statistics for local impact studies.