不同冷却条件对高温砂岩物理力学性质的影响

岩石工程可能会经受高温环境。岩石高温后冷却方式的不同往往会导致岩石物理力学性质产生重大变化,这对岩石工程的稳定性、渗透性等都会产生重要影响。采用核磁共振（MRI）、电镜扫描（SEM）和单轴压缩试验对100、300、500、600、800 ℃ 5种不同温度砂岩经两种不同冷却方式（自然冷却和水中冷却）后的孔隙率、孔径分布、峰值强度、峰值应变、应力-应变关系以及微观结构变化等进行研究。试验结果表明：自然冷却时,高温砂岩强度并非随温度升高而持续降低,而水冷却会导致砂岩强度持续降低,且降低幅度远超自然冷却;500 ℃可以看作不同冷却方式对砂岩孔隙率影响的临界值,超过500 ℃,水冷却方式会导致孔隙率急剧增长,大孔径（Ф 10 μm）孔隙所占比例也高于自然冷却,因此,高温砂岩工程采用水冷却方式（如隧道着火后用水灭火）要充分考虑由此可能带来渗透危害;SEM测试表明,当温度 500 ℃时,水冷却对裂纹的增宽和扩展产生促进作用;当温度达到800 ℃时,水冷却砂岩孔洞变大,裂隙更加发育,并贯通连成网络,这会导致透水性大幅提高,同时,这也是该温度水冷却导致强度急剧降低的原因之一。     

自然冷却后与实时高温下花岗岩物理力学性质对比试验研究

岩石经过高温作用后其物理力学性质的变化,直接影响着干热岩资源的开发利用与地下储层的稳定性。以花岗岩为研究对象,对高温自然冷却后和实时高温下的岩样进行物理性质测试与单轴压缩试验,分析对比试样在不同状态下的物理力学性质变化情况。结果表明:(1)自然冷却后与实时高温下的花岗岩质量随温度升高而减小,体积随温度升高而增大,600 ℃时,质量损失率分别为0.24%、0.27%,体积增加率分别为4.21%、3.53%;(2)两种方式下试样的峰值强度、弹性模量整体上呈现减小趋势,600 ℃时,峰值强度分别降低约49.81%、37.19%,弹性模量分别降低约34.35%、26.13%,峰值应变分别增长约70.43%、39.62%;(3)低于400 ℃时,自然冷却后的试样各物理力学性质弱化情况低于实时高温下的试样,但高于400 ℃时,自然冷却后的试样物理力学性质弱化情况较实时高温下试样更严重,出现了高温拐点。研究结果为实际工程中高温岩石工程的岩石稳定性评价提供理论参考。     

A zone of columnar joints beneath the roof of a granitic pluton: The Okueyama granite,southwestern Japan

Igneous rocks are fractured during cooling from magma to form cooling joints, which are typically columnar joints in volcanic rocks, while orthogonal joints are considered typical for plutonic rocks. We performed a 3D study of joint systems in a granitic batholith of the Okueyama granite in western Japan, which has its roof and its internal structures from the roof to 1000 m downward exposed. We used an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to observe the joints in outcrops from various angles. Based on our study, we propose a schematic model for joint systems in a granitic pluton. A granitic pluton has zones of rock columns below the roof and next to the wall. The rock column zone below the roof is as thick as 300 m, and its higher portions form steep cliffs, probably because of increased resistance to weathering. The axes of the rock columns are nearly vertical below the roof and gently plunge next to the walls, with high intersection angles with the wall. The distribution of columnar joints near only the roof and walls suggests that the granite cooled more rapidly near the roof and walls than in the core of the pluton. When the granite was jointed by parallel joints during cooling, the rock slabs between the parallel joints near the roof and the walls are subdivided into columns with polygonal cross-sections. This suggests that the granite was fractured by parallel joints at a temperature immediately below the solidus, after which the rock slabs were subdivided into rock columns during further cooling.     

The upper ocean response to a moving typhoon

The upper ocean response to the translation speed of typhoons is studied using a three-dimensional primitive equation model. Similar models studied previously have applied stability criteria rather than the diffusion term to simulate the vertical mixing process. This study retains the diffusion term and uses the level-2 turbulence closure scheme to estimate the vertical eddy viscosity. The model results indicate that in the forced period, the mixed-layer temperature decrease is greater for a slow-moving storm due to stronger upwelling caused by the longer residence time. A fast-moving storm can attain a similar cooling intensity in the wake period if its residence time allows the wind to resonate with the current. The significant downward momentum diffusion and advection in the first few inertial periods of these events leads to strong, persistent inertial pumping throughout the upper ocean in the wake period. The mixed layer is further cooled by turbulent mixing supported by vertical current shears. Meanwhile, the upper thermocline exhibits a compensating temperature increase. The vertical transfer magnitude and penetration scale are smaller in the slow-moving case, when the inertial motion decays rapidly. The model results also indicate that the dominant cooling process can be inferred from the non-dimensional storm speed. However, this value may be misleading for rapidly moving storms in which the current response is so distant from the storm that little wind work is performed on the ocean.     

光致原子解吸附对冷原子磁光阱装载的动力学研究

在获得光致原子解吸附(light-induced atom desorption,LIAD)效应的基础上,从理论和实验方面分析了LIAD对铯原子磁光阱装载的动力学过程的影响,特别是背景原子对磁光阱的影响.通过实验获得了不同光强和照射时间下关闭解吸附光后磁光阱中铯原子的衰减过程,理论模型定量地描述了背景铯原子造成压强的变化及其对最终平衡态下真空度的影响.该研究对中性原子的长时间俘获,有效控制磁光阱中原子的装载过程具有重要意义.     

沂沭断裂带晚白垩世-早古新世左行走滑的低温年代学约束

沂沭断裂带晚白垩世地层中保留大量的左行压剪的几何学与运动证据,左行活动时限为晚白垩世—古近纪。取自4条主断层的不同部位断层泥及断层碎裂岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄,远小于周围未发生变形的地层年龄,构造活动使得断层带物质的磷灰石裂变径迹完全退火。通过相关软件对不同磷灰石裂变径迹数据模拟,显示在70~60Ma前及约10Ma开始出现快速抬升(冷却)。综合分析认为,沂沭断裂在70~60Ma经历过较大规模左行挤压活动。约10Ma的快速抬升事件,具有区域性,可能与青藏高原约10Ma的快速伸展有关。     

中国东北地区冬季冷空气活动特征研究

利用1961—2017年东北地区164个气象站逐日气温、最低温度资料,按照《冷空气过程监测指标》行业标准,建立东北地区中等强度冷空气、强冷空气和寒潮历史数据集,采用气象统计学方法分析了东北冬季气温、中等强度冷空气、强冷空气和寒潮年际、年代际变化特征。结果表明:东北地区冬季气温呈显著上升趋势,趋势系数为0.45,通过了α=0.01的显著性检验,1960s最低,2010s达到最大值;东北地区冬季气温突变时间为1981年,突变前气温负距平为主,突变后气温波动变化明显;东北地区冬季冷空气过程以寒潮为主,冷空气出现日数、发生强度以12月最多、最强;冷空气趋势变化不显著,其中1961—1970强度最强,2001—2010年最弱;东北地区冬季气温突变后冷空气日数减少,强度减弱。     

河西走廊东部近57年不同等级冷空气时空变化特征及寒潮分析

利用河西走廊东部5个国家气象观测站1961—2017年的日最低气温，统计分析其5个等级冷空气的时空变化和降温幅度，并用NCEP月平均500 hPa位势高度场、风场分析本地寒潮显著极端年的特征。结果表明:(1)冷空气年均日数:Ⅰ级最多，Ⅳ和Ⅴ级基本接近，Ⅲ级最少。空间分布Ⅰ级偏北沙漠区少、中部平原区多；其余四级分布均为偏北沙漠区偏多。时间分布Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ级春季4—5月最多，夏季最少；Ⅲ级集中在夏季7—8月；Ⅰ级月季出现频率接近，夏季8月略多。(2)年降温日数Ⅴ和Ⅳ级呈明显减少趋势，Ⅰ～Ⅲ级线性不明显，但Ⅰ和Ⅱ级增多。年均降温频数的年代际差异不大，整体呈先降后升，但其主要周期有差异。(3)平均降温幅度季节变化只有Ⅴ级明显，Ⅳ级相近，而Ⅰ～Ⅲ级最大分别出现在春季、秋季和夏季；Ⅴ级24 h、48 h、72 h最大降温幅度分别为9.9、12.2、14.3 ℃。(4)寒潮次数有12个极端年，显著偏多(少)年寒潮天数差异10月最大，夏季较小。河西走廊东部500 hPa位势高度场在显著偏多年为明显的西北气流控制，配合负距平中心；乌拉尔山脊前有极地干冷空气输送有利于寒潮天气发生。偏少年以纬向平直西风气流为主，有明显的正距平高度，冷空气下滑少降温不易发生。     

基于旋翼无人机探测的一次强浓雾边界层结构分析北大核心

利用常规气象观测资料、射阳站探空资料、旋翼无人机探测资料等,分析2019年10月19日夜间到20日江苏东部沿海地区一次强浓雾过程的边界层特征。根据无人机垂直观测资料及湍流参数Ri结果发现:大雾形成之前到大雾成熟阶段,近地面始终存在强贴地逆温,最大逆温强度达4.6℃/(100 m)。在大雾形成到发展阶段,逆温逐渐增强,弱湍流区的发展高度也逐渐抬升,最大发展高度达280 m,雾层厚度逐渐增大。大雾成熟阶段,逆温层高度达到最大250 m,而此时受太阳辐射影响,逆温层上层湍流开始逐渐增强,弱湍流区发展高度降至150 m。大雾消散阶段,逆温减弱,雾层厚度迅速降低,湍流增强,逆温层逐渐趋于消散。在大雾形成之前到大雾成熟阶段,逆温层之上均存在较大的东南风,海上暖湿气流的输送不仅使逆温得以加强和维持,而且在冷的下垫面上促进了水汽凝结,从而形成了东部沿海地区的强浓雾。无人机垂直观测完整的获取了此次大雾过程的边界层结构变化特征,Ri的结果很好地反映了大雾发生期间稳定层高度的变化情况。