2001年春季中国北方沙尘暴的环流动力结构分析

通过对2001年春季中国北方5次沙尘暴的高度场，涡度场，散度场和风场的分析，研究了沙尘暴强盛期的环流动力结构。结果表明，在5次沙尘暴强盛期有相似的环流动力结构特征。在沙尘暴强盛期的高度场上，蒙古国有深厚的低值系统，乌拉尔高压发展，其间的强气压梯度是沙尘暴的动力源；低值系统有正涡度中心支持，外围是负涡度区，其间有强涡度梯度带；低值中心伴随有低层辐合高层辐散的垂直结构，易于发生近地面大风和上升气流，有利于地面起沙上扬，形成沙尘暴，大风区与强涡度梯度带一致，强风带切变形成的涡度输送有利于加强低值系统，进而增强风场。     

Calculation Of The Height Of The Stable Boundary Layer In Practical Applications

Currently used and newly proposed calculation techniques for the heightof the stable boundary layer (SBL), including the bulk-Richardson-numbermethod, diagnostic equations for the equilibrium SBL height, and a relaxation-typeprognostic equation, are discussed from the point of view of their physical basis andrelevance to experimental data. Among diagnostic equations, the best fit to data exhibits an advanced Ekman-layer height model derived recently with due regard to the role of the free-flow stability. Its extension to non-steady regimes provides a prognostic equation recommended for use in practical applications.     

南疆地区降水云系的探讨

普查南疆1998－2000年3aGMS5静止卫星红外云图，共有192次云系影响南疆，分为5种类型，南疆云系出现的次数较少，常造成中弱以下降水天气，有云无降水的情况较多，并讨论了云系的TBB与降水之间的关系，冬季南疆阴雾天气在红外云图上其TBB值为－10℃的闭合中心。     

北疆夏季两次冰雹天气过程的对比分析

北疆夏季两次冰雹天气过程的对比分析发现，充足的水汽、足够大的上升运动和不稳定的层结果冰雹天气出现的必备条件，而降雹的强弱则与对流云图的发展和强度有关。     

南疆西部山区一次特大暴雨特征分析

通过对2001年9月22－23日南疆西北部山区特大暴雨的环流背景、物理量场、卫星云图分析，揭示了这场特大暴雨的物理机制和各要素场特征。     

Determination of Area-Averaged Water Vapour Fluxes with Large Aperture and Radio Wave Scintillometers over a Heterogeneous Surface – Flevoland Field Experiment

A large aperture scintillometer (LAS) andradio wave scintillometer (RWS)were installed over a heterogeneous areato test the applicability of the scintillation method.The heterogeneity in the area, whichconsisted of many plots, was mainly caused bydifferences in thermal properties ofthe crops; the variations in theaerodynamic roughness lengthwere small. The water vapour fluxesderived from the combined LAS-RWSsystem, also known as the two-wavelengthmethod, agreed fairly well with the aggregatedwater vapour fluxes derived from in-situeddy covariance measurements. The water vapourfluxes derived from a stand-alone LASare also presented. It was found that a single LASand an estimate of the area averagedavailable energy (using a simple parameterisationscheme) can provide also reasonablearea-averaged water vapour fluxes.     

Soluble organic compounds in fog and cloud droplets: what have we learned over the past few years?

We have recently set up a new procedure for characterising the water soluble organic compounds (WSOC) in fog water, for which information is still rather limited. Fog samples collected during the 1998–1999 fall–winter season in the Po Valley (Italy) were analysed following this procedure, which allows a quantitative determination of three main classes of organic compounds (neutral species, mono- and di-carboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids), together accounting for ca. 85% of the total WSOC. This procedure also provides information on the main chemical characteristics of these three classes of compounds (functional groups, aliphatic vs. aromatic character, etc.). The enhanced chemical knowledge on fog/cloud chemical composition opens new scenarios as far as chemical and microphysical processes in clouds and fogs are concerned.     

Velocity profile of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface

Particle dynamic analyzer (PDA) measurement technology was used to study the turbulent characteristics and the variation with height of the mean horizontal (in the downwind direction) and vertical (in the upward direction) particle velocity of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface. The results show that the mean horizontal particle velocity of the cloud increases with height, while the mean vertical velocity decreases with height. The variation of the mean horizontal velocity with height is, to some extent, similar to the wind profile that increases logarithmically with height in the turbulent boundary layer. The variation of the mean vertical velocity with height is much more complex than that of the mean horizontal velocity. The increase of the resultant mean velocity with height can be expressed by a modified power function. Particle turbulence in the downwind direction decreases with height, while that in the vertical direction is complex. For fine sands (0.2–0.3 mm and 0.3–0.4 mm), there is a tendency for the particle turbulence to increase with height. In the very near-surface layer (<4 mm), the movement of blown sand particles is very complex due to the rebound of particles on the bed and the interparticle collisions in the air. Wind starts to accelerate particle movement about 4 mm from the surface. The initial rebound on the bed and the interparticle collisions in the air have a profound effect on particle movement below that height, where particle concentration is very high and wind velocity is very low.     

添加剂对聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚浊点的影响

浊点是非离子表面活性剂的一个特性参数，它是非离子表面活性荆溶液由透明变浑浊，和由浑浊变透明的平均温度。聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚是一种非离子表面活性剂，通过实验测定了有机酸、醇、无机盐、聚合物等添加剂对聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚浊点的影响。结果表明，不加任何添加剂时，聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚的浊点为89℃；添加有机酸时，浊点随浓度升高先下降后上升；添加醇时，碳链短的随浓度升高浊点升高，碳链长的随浓度升高而下降；添加无机钠盐时，浊点随浓度升高而下降；添加聚合物时。浊点超过100℃。