RUNAWAY FIRES,SMOKE‐HAZE POLLUTION,AND UNNATURAL DISASTERS IN INDONESIA*

ABSTRACT. Fires on Sumatra and Kalimantan have taken a heavy toll on Indonesia' remaining tropical forests. Drought exacerbates the fire hazard, but it does not cause the fires, most of which have been the result of inappropriate land‐use policies and practices. Peatland fires have emitted vast quantities of smoke that periodically blanket large parts of insular Southeast Asia, impairing visibility, disrupting travel, hampering economic activity, and posing serious health risks. The development agenda of Indonesia' New Order regime paid scant attention to forest management, including the need to detect, control, and suppress unwanted fires.     

A climatic control on the accretion of meteoric and super-chondritic iridium–platinum to the Antarctic ice cap

Meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) form through the vaporization of meteoroids and the subsequent re-condensation of metallic species in the mesosphere. Recently, iridium and platinum enrichments have been identified in Greenland ice layers and attributed to the fallout of MSPs supplying polar latitudes with cosmic matter during the Holocene. However, the MSP fallout to Antarctica during the Earth's climatic history remains essentially unknown.

We have determined iridium and platinum in deep Antarctic ice from Dome C and Vostok dated back to 240 kyrs BP. We find high super-chondritic fluxes during warm periods and low meteoric accretion during glacial times, a pattern that is opposite to any known climatic variation in dust fallout to polar regions. The proposed explanation of this accretion regime is a weaker polar vortex during warm periods, allowing peripheral air masses enriched in volcanic iridium and platinum to penetrate inland to Antarctica. The MSP signal emerges only during cold phases and is four times lower than in the Greenland ice cap where more snow accumulates. This suggests that wet deposition is an important route of cosmic material to the Earth's surface.     

Gas and Particle Partitioning Behavior of Aldehyde in the Presence of Diesel Soot and Wood Smoke Aerosols

Outdoor smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate gas/particle (G/P) partitioning behavior of aldehyde compounds in atmospheric acidic aerosols. Diesel soot and wood smoke aerosols were selected as acidic aerosols and octanal, decanal, undecanal, and cis-pinonaldehyde for aldehydes compounds. Aerosol acidity was measured with the equivalent sulfuric acid amounts in aerosol mass: 0.2–0.6 wt% in diesel soot and 0.04–0.1 wt% in wood smoke aerosols. Experimentally determined partitioning coefficients of aldehyde along with other classes of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) were compared with the estimation. All experimental G/P partitioning coefficients of aldehyde compounds were 10–200 times higher than estimated partitioning coefficients. Aldehyde partitioning coefficients in wood soot were similar or less than diesel soot aerosols.     

电炉炼钢烟气特点及捕集净化措施

通过介绍电炉烟气的特点并对目前国内外所采取的各种电炉烟气捕集净化措施进行描述和分析,提出了适合我国国情的电炉烟气捕集形式,并就电炉烟气的净化提出了解决二英等污染物的治理对策。     

Chitosan removes toxic heavy metal ions from cigarette mainstream smoke

This study investigated the removal of heavy metal ions from cigarette mainstream smoke using chitosan. Chitosan of various deacetylation degrees and molecular weights were manually added to cigarette filters in different dosages. The mainstream smoke particulate matter was collected by a Cambridge filter pad, digested by a microwave digestor, and then analyzed for contents of heavy metal ions, including As(III/V), Pb(II), Cd(II), Cr(III/VI) and Ni(II), by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The results showed that chitosan had a removal effect on Pb(II), Cd(II), Cr(III/VI) and Ni(II). Of these, the percent removal of Ni(II) was elevated with an increasing dosage of chitosan. Chitosan of a high deace tylation degree exhibited good binding performance toward Cd(II), Cr(III/VI) and Ni(II), though with poor efficiency for Pb(II). Except As(III/V), all the tested metal ions showed similar tendencies in the growing contents with an increasing chitosan molecular weight. Nonetheless, the percent removal of Cr(III/VI) peaked with a chitosan molecular weight of 200 kDa, followed by a dramatic decrease with an increasing chitosan molecular weight. Generally, chitosan had different removal effects on four out of five tested metal ions, and the percent removal of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cr(III/VI) and Ni(II) was approximately 55%, 45%, 50%, and 16%, respectively. In a word, chitosan used in cigarette filter can remove toxic heavy metal ions in the mainstream smoke, improve cigarette safety, and reduce the harm to smokers.     

特长公路隧道集中排烟方式研究

纵向通风排烟是我国长大公路隧道发生火灾时通风的主要形式,目前开始应用一种新型的特长公路隧道纵向通风集中排烟方式。本文借助CFD三维数值模拟技术,对两种排烟方式在火灾时的烟气控制效果进行了对比分析,研究了顶部设排烟道时,不同排烟开口大小和排烟口间距对隧道火灾时排烟效果的影响。研究表明：顶部设排烟道排烟较纵向通风排烟有较好的烟气控制效果,排烟口的设置间距和开口大小将影响隧道火灾时的排烟特性。     

国产香烟矿物组成的初步研究

利用X射线衍射仪对28种国产香烟烟灰及其中的两种香烟(绿南京和云烟)的卷烟纸灰烬、烟丝以及过滤嘴中的矿物成分进行了研究.初步研究结果表明,香烟烟丝中含有一水草酸钙石,过滤嘴中不含任何矿物,烟灰中的矿物主要是方解石,此外还含有少量石英、钾盐、钾矾、石膏等矿物.这些矿物具有不同的来源:方解石来自卷烟纸,一水草酸钙石是烟叶生长期间自身合成的矿物,石膏是香烟燃烧过程中新形成的矿物.这些研究结果有可能为全面认识香烟致病机理提供一定的科学依据.     

甘肃酒西盆地青西凹陷下白垩统下沟组湖相喷流岩物质组分与结构构造*

甘肃酒西盆地青西凹陷下白垩统下沟组广泛发育的暗色纹层状细粒岩,以其富含铁白云石、钠长石、重晶石、方沸石、黄铁矿和有机质,局部含有微量萤石、透闪石、石盐和呈碎屑状、浸染状产出的微量闪锌矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿等矿物组分吸引着众多沉积地质学家和石油地质学家的高度关注。在以往的研究中,大多数研究者认为此类细粒岩的成因与火山活动有关,将其确定为火山物质蚀变作用的产物。通过地质背景、物质组分、岩石结构构造、包裹体和地球化学特征的研究,提出此类细粒岩属于新型的湖相“白烟型”喷流岩,可识别出6种热水矿物组合、3种主要结构类型和4种常见的原生沉积构造。6种热水矿物组合包括: Ⅰ钠长石—铁白云石(或铁白云石—钠长石)组合,Ⅱ重晶石—钠长石—铁白云石组合,Ⅲ石英—重晶石—钠长石—铁白云石组合,Ⅳ石英—方沸石—钠长石—铁白云石组合,Ⅴ地开石—铁白云石组合,Ⅵ单一铁白云石组合。3种主要结构类型包括: ①泥晶—微晶结构,②内碎屑结构,③石盐假晶结构。4种常见的原生沉积构造包括: ⅰ纹层状和条带状构造,ⅱ网脉状充填构造,ⅲ旋涡状喷管结构,ⅳ同生变形层理结构。在物质组分和岩石结构分析的基础上,划分出网脉状充填型、水爆型、盆地沉积型和区域扩散型4种喷流岩产状类型,建立了下沟组湖相喷流岩分带性沉积模式,探讨了喷流岩研究意义。     

环境矿物材料在土壤、水体、大气污染治理中的利用

本文在简要阐明了环境矿物材料对污染物的净化机理与净化功能的基础上,明确了环境矿物材料的应用领域,重点展望了在土壤重金属污染防治、地表水和地下水水质改善及燃煤固硫除尘等三类状态污染控制与环境保护领域中应用的前景。认为经济、简便、有效地用于污染治理与环境修复的无机界矿物学方法类似于有机界生物学方法,均是自然界地球系统中天然自净化作用的反映。     

电气石复合材料微孔吸滤剂在香烟"降焦减害"中的应用

对不同产地黑电气石化学组成及其极化吸附特性进行了分析,同时制备了应用于香烟“降焦减害”的电气石复合材料微孔吸滤剂,直观检验了吸滤剂的“降焦减害”功效。实验结果表明：电气石复合材料微孔吸滤剂对香烟烟气中的焦油及其有害成分具有良好的吸附作用。初步分析了电气石吸滤剂的“降焦减害”作用机理。