Yielding oscillator subjected to simple pulse waveforms: numerical analysis & closed‐form solutions

Numerical and analytical solutions are presented for the elastic and inelastic response of single‐degree‐of‐freedom yielding oscillators to idealized ground acceleration pulses. These motions are typical of near‐fault earthquake recordings generated by forward rupture directivity and may inflict damage in the absence of substantial structural strength and ductility capacity. Four basic pulse waveforms are examined: (1) triangular; (2) sinusoidal; (3) exponential; and (4) rectangular. In the first part of the article, a numerical study is presented of the effect of oscillator period, strength, damping, post‐yielding stiffness and number of excitation cycles, on inelastic response. Results are presented in the form of dimensionless graphs and regression formulas that elucidate the salient features of the problem. It is shown that conventional R–µ relations may significantly underestimate ductility demand imposed by near‐fault motions. The second part of the article concentrates on elastic‐perfectly plastic oscillators. Closed‐form solutions are derived for post‐yielding response and associated ductility demand. It is shown that all three ground motion histories (i.e. acceleration, velocity, and displacement) control oscillator response—contrary to the widespread view that ground velocity alone is of leading importance. The derived solutions provide insight on the physics of inelastic response, which is often obscured by the complexity of numerical algorithms and actual earthquake motions. The model is evaluated against numerical results from near‐field recordings. A case study is presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高密度电法勘探技术及其应用

简述了高密度电法勘探技术的基本原理。从电极排列、数据预处理及反演处理方法等方面介绍了该技术在应用中应注意的关键技术问题及其处理方法,并通过在长-邵高速公路勘察的应用实例,来说明高密度电法勘探技术在岩溶洞穴、地质灾害等探测领域具有较好的探测效果。     

电磁波CT成像技术在防水工程场地勘查中的应用

电磁波CT成像技术是基于地下介质的物性差异,利用各种波源透视探测目的体及地质现象的一种地球物理方法,文章介绍了电磁波CT成像技术的原理和工作方法、某防水工程场地电磁波CT成像勘查实例及应用效果.     

工程摄影测量中交向摄影的精度分析

本文从理论上推导了工程摄影测量中交向摄影方式各元素影响物点坐标精度的严密公式,并根据理论分析的结果,采用先进的数码相机和量测相机进行了一定的试验,在仔细分析试验结果的基础上,找出了工程摄影测量中交向摄影最佳的交向角、摄影基线、摄影距离和摄影比例尺等参数,对物点坐标总精度的影响规律。实际作业中,要使最佳交向摄影方式获得最理想的点位精度,所总结出的结论是可行的。     

被拐儿童记忆地图模式及其影响因素

拐卖儿童犯罪屡禁不止,备受社会和学界关注。地理学视角下的已有研究多注重宏观区域定量分析,缺少基于寻亲成功案例聚焦被拐儿童的微观定性分析,尤其对被拐儿童记忆空间与记忆地图的探究不足。文章基于从“宝贝回家”公益平台提取的典型案例,综合运用文本分析、认知地图分析、案例分析等方法,探索寻亲成功的被拐儿童记忆地图模式及其影响因素。结果表明：1）被拐儿童记忆内容由地方性知识、家庭性知识和个体性知识3部分构成。其中,地方性知识包括儿童家乡的自然物理环境与社会文化环境要素;家庭性知识包括儿童原生家庭成员信息、亲缘关系等要素;个体性知识包括儿童自身体貌特征、失踪时穿着等要素。2）被拐儿童记忆空间形成于其日常活动空间,是地理空间与人文情感的结合;随着儿童年龄增长和时代变迁,儿童记忆空间要素产生变化,形成不同阶段不同时代的独特个体记忆,儿童生活环境的变化易塑造混合复杂的记忆空间。3）被拐儿童记忆地图根据其记忆内容及记忆要素类型分为多要素混合式记忆地图（依托多种感官、多要素定位家乡区域）、空间化布局式记忆地图（即手绘完整地图,具有空间性和尺度性）、单要素主导式记忆地图（即以地标和地名为关键要素）3种模式。4）儿童对其日常活动中频繁接触的场所会留下较为深刻印象,家乡环境中独特形状的道路、水域更易使儿童产生记忆,成为寻亲过程中的重要促进因素;地名、方言、习俗组合与地名、地标组合成为寻亲成功的关键要素组合。     

天气雷达风暴跟踪信息拼图技术设计与应用

基于天气雷达风暴识别跟踪信息STI（Storm Tracking Information）拼图技术设计与应用,对该技术在江西雷电、雷暴大风、冰雹等强天气监测预警能力进行了分析。结果显示：通过对江西8部天气雷达的STI产品进行雷达算法解码,建立STI数据库,按照雷达拼图时间间隔,从数据库中调入STI数据进行15 min、30 min、45 min和60 min路径显示,形成多部雷达的组合STI产品。组合STI产品弥补了单部雷达的不足,对于判断未来1 h回波的移动方向、移动速度有明显的指示意义。而密集指向区对应于回波未来位置的确定效果更好,考虑到整体移向的修正位置更佳,在多次飑线、冰雹等强天气过程中得到了验证。组合STI产品还有助于识别回波系统,对于多个系统并存的天气过程中有很好的对照价值。密集指向区的出现说明回波系统进入发展旺盛期,密集指向区的消失预示着回波系统明显减弱。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Aerial photography and image interpretation for Resource Management . DAVID P. PAINE . Analytical Models and Techniques Spatial Processes Models and Applications A. D. CLIFF AND J. K. ORD Quantitative and Statistical Approaches to Geography: A Practical Manual JOHN A. MATTHEWS . Cartography and Maps Map Data Processing . HERBERT FREEMAN AND GOFFREDO G. PIERONI , eds. Computer-assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects, 1982 . MARK S. MONMONIER . Cultural Navajo Architecture: Forms, History, Distributions . STEPHEN C. JETT AND VIRGINIA E . SPENCER . Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography . EDWARD RELPH . Economic The Structure and Control of a State Economy . W. L. L'ESPERANCE . Economic Geography . JAMES O. WHEELER AND PETER O. MULLER . The Myth of the Family Farm: Agribusiness Dominance of U.S. Agriculture . INGOLF VOCELER . Libya: The Experience of Oil . J. A. ALLEN . Geography of Public Finance, Welfare Under Fiscal Federalism and local Government Finance . ROBERT BENNETT . Environmental Management, Resources, and Systems Mountains and Man . LARRY W. PRICE . Environmental Geology . DONALD R. COATES . An Introduction to Environmental Systems . G. H. DURY . The Environment: Chinese and American Views . Edited by LAURENCE J. C. MA AND ALLEN G. NOBLE . Land Use in America . RICHARD H. JACKSON . Medical Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography . MELINDA S. MEADE (ed.). Philosophy and Geographic Thought Birds in Egg/Eggs in Bird . GUNNAR OLSSON . PhysicaI Climatology: Selected Applications . J. E. OLIVER . Geomorphological Techniques . ANDREW GOUDIE (ed.). Political Politics, Geography and Behaviour . RICHARD MUIR AND RONAN PADDISON . The State of the World Atlas . MICHAEL KIDRON AND RONALD SECAL . Population The Population of the South . DUDLEY L. POSTON , JR . AND ROBERT H. WELLER , eds. Regional Latin America: Economic Development and Regional Differentiation . ARTHUR MORRIS . Developing the Amazon . EMILIO F. MORAN . Western Europe: A Systematic Human Geography . BRIAN W. ILBERY . Settlement Systems in Sparsely Settled Regions: The United States and Australia . RICHARD E. LONSDALEAND JOHN H. HOLMES , eds. African Perspectives: The Economic Geography of Nine African States . HARM DE BUJ AND ESMOND MARTIN , eds. Rural Nonmetropolitan America in Transition . AMOS H. HAWLEY AND SARA MILLS MAZIE , eds. Social Crime and Environment . R. NORMAN DAVIDSON . The Ghetto: Readings with Interpretations . JOE T. DARDEN , ed. Urban Urban Problems and Planning in the Developed World . MICHAEL PACIONE (ed.) Problems and Planning in Third World Cities . Edited by MICHAEL PACIONE . The City in West Europe . D. BURTENSHAW , M. BATEMAN , AND C. J. ASHWORTH .     

Mixture models and atypical values

The resolution of a mixture of two or more populations into its component distributions may be markedly influenced by one or a few atypical values. The maximum likelihood solution effectively assigns (part of) each observation to one or another of the components via the posterior probabilities, even though the observation may be widely discrepant from all components. This paper presents a modification of the mixture problem, in which the typicality of each observation is considered, as well as the posterior probabilities, with the contribution of atypical observations being downweighted. The extension to the multivariate case is discussed.     

铁矿床中黑柱石富集特例剖析

黑柱石是一种少见的含钙铁硅酸盐矿物。通过富含黑柱石的青海省双庆铁矿区与仅含少量黑柱石的福建省马坑铁矿区矿床地质特征的对比,认为矿床中黑柱石的产生与中基性火成岩的参与有关;黑柱石的解体与硼的参与有关。     

花岗岩在剪切带中定位机制的几个实例——赴英考察报告节摘

本文介绍了不列颠群岛地质背景和花岗岩在剪切带中定位机制的几个实例,即Donegal、Strantian,Ox山脉花岗岩和Ardnamurchan中心杂岩体。它是作者访英考察报告中的主要部分,也是英国花岗岩及其定位机制的最新成果。对我们了解花岗岩研究的现代水平,具有借鉴作用。