Impact of Planetary Wave Reflection on Tropospheric Blocking over the Urals–Siberia Region in January 2008

Planetary wave reflection from the stratosphere played a significant role in changing the tropospheric circulation pattern over Eurasia in mid-January 2008. We studied the 2008 event and compared with composite analysis(winters of 2002/2003,2004/2005, 2006/2007, 2007/2008, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012), when the downward coupling was stronger, by employing time-lagged singular value decomposition analysis on the geopotential height field. In the Northern Hemisphere, the geopotential fields were decomposed into zonal mean and wave components to compare the relative covariance patterns. It was found that the wavenumber 1(WN1) component was dominant compared with the wavenumber 2(WN2) component and zonal mean process. For the WN1 field, the covariance was much higher(lower) for the negative(positive) lag, with a prominent peak around +15 days when the leading stratosphere coupled strongly with the troposphere. It contributed to the downward coupling due to reflection, when the stratosphere exhibited a partially reflective background state. We also analyzed the evolution of the WN1 anomaly and heat flux anomaly, both in the troposphere and stratosphere, during January–March 2008. The amplitude of the tropospheric WN1 pattern reached a maximum and was consistent with a downward wave coupling event influenced by the stratospheric WN1 anomaly at 10 h Pa. This was consistent with the reflection of the WN1 component over Eurasia, which triggered an anomalous blocking high in the Urals–Siberia region. We further clarified the impact of reflection on the tropospheric WN1 field and hence the tropospheric circulation pattern by changing the propagation direction during and after the event.     

Impacts of upland open drains upon runoff generation: a numerical assessment of catchment‐scale impacts

Shallow upland drains, grips, have been hypothesized as responsible for increased downstream flow magnitudes. Observations provide counterfactual evidence, often relating to the difficulty of inferring conclusions from statistical correlation and paired catchment comparisons, and the complexity of designing field experiments to test grip impacts at the catchment scale. Drainage should provide drier antecedent moisture conditions, providing more storage at the start of an event; however, grips have higher flow velocities than overland flow, thus potentially delivering flow more rapidly to the drainage network. We develop and apply a model for assessing the impacts of grips on flow hydrographs. The model was calibrated on the gripped case, and then the gripped case was compared with the intact case by removing all grips. This comparison showed that even given parameter uncertainty, the intact case had significantly higher flood peaks and lower baseflows, mirroring field observations of the hydrological response of intact peat. The simulations suggest that this is because delivery effects may not translate into catchment‐scale impacts for three reasons. First, in our case, the proportions of flow path lengths that were hillslope were not changed significantly by gripping. Second, the structure of the grip network as compared with the structure of the drainage basin mitigated against grip‐related increases in the concentration of runoff in the drainage network, although it did marginally reduce the mean timing of that concentration at the catchment outlet. Third, the effect of the latter upon downstream flow magnitudes can only be assessed by reference to the peak timing of other tributary basins, emphasizing that drain effects are both relative and scale dependent. However, given the importance of hillslope flow paths, we show that if upland drainage causes significant changes in surface roughness on hillslopes, then critical and important feedbacks may impact upon the speed of hydrological response. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variation in Principal Modes of Midsummer Precipitation over Northeast China and Its Associated Atmospheric Circulation

This study documents the first two principal modes of interannual variability of midsummer precipitation over Northeast China(NEC) and their associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. It is shown that the first principal mode exhibits the largest amount of variability in precipitation over the south of NEC(referred to as the south mode), whereas the second principal mode behaves with the greatest precipitation anomaly over the north of NEC(referred to as the north mode). Further findings reveal that, through modulating moisture transportation and upper-and lower-troposphere divergence circulation as well as vertical movement over NEC, the anomalous northwestern Pacific anticyclone and the anticyclone centered over northern NEC exert the dominant influence on the south and north modes, respectively. Additionally, it is quantitatively estimated that water vapor across the southern boundary of NEC dominates the moisture budget for the south mode, while the north mode has a close connection with moisture through NEC's northern and western boundaries. Furthermore, the north(south) mode is strongly related to the intensity(meridional shift) of the East Asian westerly jet.     

2003年淮河大水期间亚洲北部阻塞高压的形成特征

利用观测资料和NCEP再分析资料分析2003年淮河大水期间亚洲北部阻塞高压的形成维持机制, 结果表明, 2003年淮河梅汛期亚洲中高纬地区阻塞高压的异常活动中, 波流作用十分显著。6月上旬, 阻高建立前期和维持过程中, 上游地区天气尺度波动活跃, 欧洲斜压区不断有瞬变动能生成, 并在阻塞区向阻高平均流转化。从瞬变涡动的作用来看, 上游传播而来的瞬变波不断将较低纬度的低位涡空气向阻塞区输送, 有利于阻塞高压的建立维持; 平均流则使位涡呈相反形势发展, 引导阻塞高压向东频散, 削弱了扰动位涡输送的作用, 对阻高的维持起到耗散作用。阻高建立前, 瞬变涡位涡输送作用强于平均流位涡平流, 造成阻塞区位涡降低, 有利于阻高生成; 阻高维持期间, 瞬变涡位涡输送与平均流位涡平流输送量相当; 6月25～30日, 阻塞高压明显西退, 该阶段瞬变涡动明显强于平均耗散作用, 引导低位涡场向西移动。研究表明, 大气内部的波波作用对阻高的建立维持也十分重要。1波与5波在一定范围内的共同作用可能是阻高建立维持的决定因素, 而天气尺度波动扰动则对阻塞高压的建立、 维持和崩溃起到重要的作用。波波作用表明, 2003年6月份阻塞高压建立、 维持时, 尺度较长的波一般从平均动能得到扰动动能的转化, 尤其5波, 斜压能的转换不但是其能量的来源, 同时非线性作用也使得尺度更小或更长的波向其提供能量; 阻高衰退时, 5波则通过非线性作用向其他波动输送能量, 同时也存在斜压耗散, 能量逐渐失去。     

冬季乌拉尔山阻塞与东亚冬季风的联系分析

利用美国国家环境预报中心和美国大气科学研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)1948/1949~2012/2013年的逐日再分析资料,从年际变化和季节内演变两种时间尺度分析了冬季乌拉尔山阻塞与东亚冬季风的联系。结果表明,从年际变化角度,东亚冬季风综合指数(EAWMII)与冬季乌拉尔山阻塞频数显著相关,且两者的线性趋势与周期一致。当乌拉尔山阻塞频繁发生时,对流层中层西伯利亚反气旋异常,东亚大槽加深;对流层低层表现为贝加尔湖及东亚沿岸北风显著加强,中亚和东亚大部分地区地表温度降低,东亚冬季风较常年加强。乌拉尔山阻塞的由强盛到崩溃的过程对应着西伯利亚高压由加强到减弱东移的季节内演变,850 h Pa风场对应为异常北风由贝加尔湖以北逐渐影响至低纬度菲律宾以东的演变特征。     

Interaction between Planetary-Scale Diffluent Flow and Synoptic-Scale Waves During the Life Cycle of Blocking

In this paper, a new transient forced quasi-resonant triad interaction theory in a beta channel is proposed to investigate the interaction between planetary-scale diffluent flow composed of zonal wavenumbers 1--3 and synoptic-scale waves produced continuously by a synoptic-scale vorticity source fixed upstream of an incipient blocking region during the life cycle of blocking. It is shown that the superposition of initial three Rossby waves for zonal wavenumbers 1 (monopole), 2 (dipole), and 3 (monopole), which permit triad quasi-resonance, can represent an incipient blocking event. The synoptic-scale eddies may act to amplify the incipient blocking and to excite a blocking circulation with a strong meander, whose flow pattern depends on the initial amplitudes of the planetary waves and both the intensity and location of preexisting synoptic-scale waves. The onset (decay) of the planetary-scale split-flow blocking is mainly represented by a strong increase (decrease) in the amplitude of the zonal wavenumber 2 component, having a dipole meridional structure related to the preexisting synoptic-scale eddies. The typical persistence time of the model blocking was of about 20 days, consistent with observations of blocking patterns. In our model, isolated asymmetric dipole blocking is formed by synoptic-scale waves. The instantaneous fields of total streamfunctions exhibit a remarkable resemblance to the synoptic maps observed during the life cycle of blocking. During the onset stage, the synoptic-scale waves are enhanced and split into two branches around the blocking region due to the feedback of the amplified blocking, in agreement with the observed changes of synoptic-scale waves in real blocking events. In addition, a diagnostic case study of blocking is presented to confirm the forced quasi-resonant triad interaction theory proposed here.     

干旱气候背景下塔尔湖暴雨形成机理诊断分析

利用常规气象资料和自动站资料,对2009年8月18日发生在塔尔湖地区1次暴雨过程进行分析,结果表明：⑴整个前汛期副高位置偏西,是造成巴彦淖尔市干旱的直接原因。⑵副高东退,东高西低形势建立,是塔尔湖暴雨形成的必要条件。⑶500hPa短波槽前正涡度区与700hPa暖切变区、地面暖锋切变区在阴山山脉南麓罕乌拉沟喇叭口地形上空垂直叠置,是产生塔尔湖暴雨的动力抬升条件,也是其形成的触发机制。⑷700hPa贝湖冷涡维持,西南暖涡北抬,两涡在阴山南北相遇的辐合流场建立,为塔尔湖暴雨提供了水汽和冷空气条件,也是干旱年份巴彦淖尔市暴雨预报的重要着眼点。     

The ENSO’s Effect on Eastern China Rainfall in the Following Early Summer

ENSO’s effect on the rainfall in eastern China in the following early summer is investigated by using station precipitation data and the ERA-40 reanalysis data from 1958 to 2002. In June, after the El Nino peak, the precipitation is significantly enhanced in the Yangtze River valley while suppressed in the Huaihe River-Yellow River valleys. This relationship between ENSO and the rainfall in eastern China is established possibly through two teleconnections: One is related to the western North Pacific (WNP) ...     

乌鲁木齐河青年渠冬季引水冰雪堵塞解决途径探讨

乌鲁木齐河青年渠是乌拉泊水库的主要水源途径,为了保证给乌鲁木齐市供水,必须在冬季利用青年渠引水,由于冬季青年渠引水,会受到冰雪淤积的威胁,有时甚至会封渠断流,并危及周边农牧民的正常生活和生产,冬季引水冰雪淤塞,原因是多方面的,对其原因进行分析,提出了解决途径,为冬季引水提供参考。     

射流式水泥浆液制造器的研究

在分析人工造浆阶段和风动造浆阶段原理及优缺点的基础上,开发研制出射流式水泥液制造器。通过对该设备主要构成部分结构的介绍,说明了其工作原理和使用方法。焦煤集团九里山矿14101工作面和古汉山矿11092(西)工作面的堵水实践证明,该设备的堵水率为100%,不仅可以提高注浆的速度及质量,降低劳动强度,改善注浆工地环境条件,而且具有价格便宜、设备安装简便、操作简单、容易维护,不受场地、注浆量大小、注浆点远近的限制等优点。