太阳活动11年周期对东亚冬季风与随后东亚夏季风关系的影响及其过程

利用长时间再分析资料和台站观测资料以及反映太阳周期活动的太阳黑子数资料,研究了太阳活动11年周期对东亚冬季风与随后夏季风关系的影响和过程。结果表明,弱(强)的东亚冬季风后的次年春、夏季在西北太平洋上空往往出现反气旋(气旋)式环流异常。通过将东亚冬季风指数分解为与ENSO有关的部分以及与ENSO无关的部分,进一步证实东亚冬、夏季风之间的联系主要来自于与ENSO有关的东亚冬季风异常。在此基础上着重分析了太阳活动对东亚冬、夏季风关系的影响和过程。研究表明,太阳活动显著影响了东亚冬季风与ENSO的关系,在太阳活动偏低年ENSO与东亚冬季风的关系更为密切。并且,对应与ENSO有关的东亚冬季风异常,当太阳活动偏低(LS)时西北太平洋附近的异常反气旋明显增强,范围扩大,其西北侧的西南气流强度偏强并向北延伸,从而使春季多雨地区绵延到内蒙古乃至西北地区;而夏季降水主要集中在长江流域中游,表明是一个强的夏季风年。然而,在太阳活动偏高(HS)年的次年春、夏季,不论是环流异常还是降水场的异常都明显偏弱。这说明东亚冬季风与随后夏季风的关系在LS年要比HS年更紧密。对海温异常的分析则进一步表明,LS(HS)年从冬季至夏季与ENSO有关的东亚冬季风异常相联系的印度洋及热带西太平洋海温正相关范围明显偏大(小);而赤道东太平洋的显著正海温异常衰减迅速(缓慢)。上述海温异常的差异是西北太平洋反气旋能否从冬季持续到夏季的重要原因,并可以很好地解释太阳活动对东亚冬、夏季风关系的影响。     

Case Study on the Impact of the Vortex in the Easterlies in the Tropical Upper Troposphere on the Western Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone

By employing the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data （1000-10 hPa, 2.5°×2.5°）, the impact of the vortex in the easterlies （EV） over the tropical upper troposphere on the zonal movement of the western Pacific subtropical anticyclone （WPSA） during 19-25 June 2003 is analyzed in this paper. It is shown that the EV can extend from middle troposphere to the height of 50 hPa, reaching a maximum at 200 hPa. The vertical thermal distribution appears to be ＂warmer in the upper layer and colder in the lower layer＂. The WPSA retreats eastward abnormally when the EV and the vortex in the westerlies （WV） encounter around the same longitude while they move toward each other. It is also shown that the vorticity variation extends from the troposphere to the height of 50 hPa, with the most prominent change occurring at 200 hPa by the diagnostic analyses of the vertical vorticity equation. The WPSA appears to retreat abnormally eastward while the negative/positive vorticity change becomes stronger near the east/west side of the EV, and the areas with positive vorticity tendency both in the EV and WV join together into one belt along 130°E during the process of the EV and the WV moving toward each other. In the vorticity equation, the positive contribution caused by the horizontal advection term is the maximum, and the minimum is caused by theβ effect. It is also found that enhanced horizontal vorticity advection andβ effect, as well as the ＂barotropic development＂ resulted from the in-phase superposition of the southerly and the northerly winds in the easterlies and westerlies near 130~E, are in agreement with the WPSA eastward retreat.     

夏季西太平洋副热带高压的客观定量化预测及其对汛期降水的指示

基于动力统计相似预报原理,将模式误差动力统计预报方案应用于西太平洋副热带高压的客观定量化预测,通过交叉检验距平相关系数,筛选出对副热带高压区域的500 hPa高度场模式预报结果订正较好的因子作为前期关键因子集.对2003-2010年的副热带高压区域的500 hPa高度场进行了回报检验,结果显示该方案在数值模式预报结果基础上有了进一步提高,显示出较高的预测水平.在此基础上,从高度场预测结果中提取出与中国降水关系最为密切的两个典型副热带高压特征指数(脊线指数与西伸脊点指数),将其投影在二维平面上,并根据不同类型的副热带高压特征下对应的雨型分类特征得到预报年副热带高压所属类型下中国夏季降水的分布类型,多年检验结果表明,预测的投影类型所对应的降水合成分布与实况的降水具有较好的一致性,进一步验证此种副热带高压与雨型分类的合理性,达到通过副热带高压的定量化预测对夏季的旱涝分布形式进行预测的目的,为进一步提高汛期降水预测水平提供一种可能的思路.     

Interaction Between Typhoon and Western Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone:Data Analyses and Numerical Experiments

Three kinds of typhoons with distinct tracks are sorted based on a set of typhoon data from 1958 to 1998. The results of composite analyses confirm that different typhoon tracks correspond to different patterns of the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific （SAWP）. When the tracks are westward, the SAWP is strong, with a zonal form, and stretches westward; when the tracks are recurving, the main body of the SAWP shifts eastward and breaks near 160~E; and when the tracks are northward, the SAWP is located far east of its normal position. Based on the above result, two different initial fields are configured, one has a zonal and strong SAWP, and the other has a meridional and weak SAWP. By using the GOALS R42L9 climate model, a temperature disturbance is added into these two different initial fields to force the formation of a typhoon. Westward and northward tracked typhoons are well simulated, thus verifying that different patterns of the SAWP have different effects on typhoon tracks. Results also show that typhoons can induce barotropic Rossby waves propagating to the mid and high latitudes. Under different background zonal flows, the wave trains triggered by the typhoons of westward and northward tracks are also different, and their effects on the mid and high latitude circulations and the SAWP are different. Compared to a n.orthward tracked typhoon, a westward tracked typhoon is able to induce positive geopotential height anomaly to its north and northwest, resulting in the SAWP strengthening and developing westward.     

从一次反气旋的生消演变分析陕西初夏连阴雨

连阴雨是一种重大天气,特别在"三夏"中出现时.初夏(6月)连阴雨在陕西历史上并不多见,大约3～4年发生一次,且多在关中、陕南出现,陕北黄土高原出现的概率极小.2007年6月,陕西出现了一次长达7天的连阴雨天气.应用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对这次连阴雨天气过程进行了研究,得出:这是一次反气旋环流的生成-维持-消亡过程,陕西位于此反气旋的底部,偏东(南)气流为连阴雨持续提供了良好的水汽;整个过程都有垂直上升运动;稳定持久的蒙古低槽和高原低槽是造成陕西连阴雨的主要天气系统;高原低槽前部的偏南风气流和蒙古冷空气前部的偏北气流在35°N以北河套附近辐合,是形成陕北干旱区连阴雨的主要原因.过程前期,东亚"双阻型"的建立是陕西多雨时段的强信号.     

长白山高压对辽宁中部城市群大气污染影响的数值模拟

利用新一代空气质量模式系统Models-3,通过改变模式中长白山山脉区域地形高度,对比分析长白山高压以及辽宁中部城市群5城市气象环境要素的变化情况。结果表明,改变地形后,原来较强的长白山高压有了明显的减弱,城市群5城市的水平气流辐合场消失,风速增大,逆温强度也减弱,有利于污染物的传输扩散;模拟结果也表明污染物浓度有明显的降低,试验较好地揭示了长白山高压对辽宁中部城市群大气污染的影响机制。     

Formation of the Anomalous Summer Precipitation in East China in 2010 and 1998: A Comparison of the Impacts of Two Kinds of El Ni~no

In the summers of 1998 and 2010, severe floods occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Although an El Ni~no event took place preceding each of the summer floods, significant differences between the two summer floods and the two El Ni~no events were identified. The 1997/98 El Ni~no is a conventional one with strongest warming in the central-eastern Pacific, whereas the 2009/10 event is an El Ni~no Modoki with strongest warming in the central Pacific. In this study, summer rainfall anomalies (SRA) in the two years were first compared based on the rainfall data at 160 stations in mainland China, and a significant difference in SRA was found. To understand the underlying mechanism for the difference, the atmospheric circulation systems, particularly the western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC), the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and the low-level air flows, were compared in the two years by using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The results display that the WNPAC was stronger in 2010 than in 1998, along with a northwestward shift, causing weakened southwesterly from the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea but intensified southerly in eastern China. This resulted in less water vapor transport from the tropical Indian Ocean and the South China Sea but more from the subtropical western Pacific to East Asia. Subsequently, the rainband in 2010 shifted northward. The difference in the WNPAC was caused by the anomalous ascending motion associated with the warming location in the two El Ni~no events. Furthermore, the role of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) in modulating these differences was investigated by conducting sensitivity experiments using GFDL AM2.1 (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Atmospheric Model). Two experiments were performed, one with the observed monthly SST and the other with June SST persisting through the whole summer. The results suggest that the model well reproduced the primary differences in the atmospheric circulation systems in the two years. It is found that the difference in El Ni~no events has shaped the rainfall patterns in the two years of 1998 and 2010. At last, the case of 2010 was compared with the composite of historical El Ni~no Modoki events, and the results indicate that the impact of El Ni~no Modoki varies from case to case and is more complicated than previously revealed.     

Interannual variability in the sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones in the South China Sea

Sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) is an important component of air-sea interactions. Using coordinate transformation and composite analysis methods, we examined the interannual variability in TC-induced sea surface cooling (TCSSC) in the South China Sea (SCS). The frequency of surface cooling cases was over 86% and that of surface warming cases was less than 14%. The magnitude of TCSSC was defined as the absolute value of TCSSC. The maximum magnitude of TCSSC occurred on the right side of the TC track, and the mean magnitude of TCSSC decreased by 0.04°C/a from 2006 to 2018. The interannual variability in TCSSC was highly correlated with the TC translation speed and pre-TC mixed layer depth. Notably, TCSSC got enhanced in El Ni?o years of 2007, 2010, and 2015. The El Ni?o types were suggested to determine the occurring periods of strong TCSSC via controlling the positions of SCS anticyclones, which brought pre-TC shallow mixed layer and caused strong TCSSC via vertical mixing process during El Ni?o events. To quantify how the anticyclone influences TCSSC, we need to use mixed layer heat balances model in the next study.     

Zonal jets and cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry in decaying rotating turbulence: laboratory experiments and numerical simulations

The problem of zonal jet formation and cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry in decaying rotating turbulence is addressed using both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations with a high-resolution shallow water model in a spherical geometry. Experiments are performed at different Rossby and Froude numbers and applying a rigid wall as meridional boundary in the numerical scheme to mimic the experimental apparatus. The formation of a zonally banded flow pattern, i.e. meridionally confined easterly/westerly jets, has observed; both experimental and numerical results confirmed that this tendency is favoured by high-planetary vorticity gradients. Also, in the experiments characterized by large rotation speeds and small Rossby deformation radius, an initial symmetric distribution of relative vorticity is found to evolve towards a dominance of anticyclonic structures, indicating a breaking of the cyclone–anticyclone symmetry. This aspect has deepened by numerically analysing the sensitivity of the temporal variations of the asymmetry index with respect to the position of the meridional confinement as well as the effect of relaxing the divergence of the fluid (i.e. non-divergent case) to zero. Results suggested that experiments characterized by the higher rotation speed and the lower fluid thickness are better reproduced by a divergent model with a high-latitude meridional boundary.     

副热带高压研究进展及展望

介绍了国家自然科学基金委员会九五重点项目"副热带高压形成和变异的机理"的研究成果.该项目的研究纠正了对副热带高压成因的若干传统认识,揭示了副热带高压脊线年际变化的新事实,发展了脊线这一东西风交界面的动力模型,建立了"全型涡度方程"、"热力适应"理论及"两级热力适应"模式,并通过模拟和资料诊断研究了各副热带高压单体的形成机制及其季节和年际变化,在西太平洋副热带高压变化的规律和机制的研究中得到了新的认识.