Contrasting Regional Responses of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall to Exhausted Spring and Concurrently Emerging Summer El Ni?o Events

The inverse relationship between the warm phase of the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation(ENSO) and the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall(ISMR) is well established. Yet, some El Ni?o events that occur in the early months of the year(boreal spring) transform into a neutral phase before the start of summer, whereas others begin in the boreal summer and persist in a positive phase throughout the summer monsoon season. This study investigates the distinct influences of an exhausted spring El Ni?o(springtime)...     

Circulation Patterns Linked to the Positive Sub-Tropical Indian Ocean Dipole

The positive phase of the subtropical Indian Ocean dipole(SIOD) is one of the climatic modes in the subtropical southern Indian Ocean that influences the austral summer inter-annual rainfall variability in parts of southern Africa. This paper examines austral summer rain-bearing circulation types(CTs) in Africa south of the equator that are related to the positive SIOD and the dynamics through which specific rainfall regions in southern Africa can be influenced by this relationship. Four austral...     

The Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Water and Heat Exchanges over the Alpine Wetland in the East of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Alpine wetland is one of the typical underlying surfaces on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. It plays a crucial role in runoff regulation. Investigations on the mechanisms of water and heat exchanges are necessary to understand the land surface processes over the alpine wetland. This study explores the characteristics of hydro-meteorological factors with in situ observations and uses the Community Land Model 5 to identify the main factors controlling water and heat exchanges.Latent heat flux and therm...     

珠江三角洲地区大气CO2浓度特征及地面风的作用

利用光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术在线观测了广州番禺大气成分站(GPACS)的大气CO₂浓度特征,分析了地面风对CO₂的作用。结果表明：(1)大气CO₂在珠江三角洲地区存在明显的地域不均匀特征,2014—2016年期间GPACS的年均本底浓度比全球背景地区平均增加了22.5×10^-6(22.5 ppm);(2)大气CO₂浓度在春季最高,冬、秋季次之,夏季最低,年均值为426.64±15.76 ppm;(3) CO₂的日变化为双峰结构,峰值分别在05:00—07:00和21:00—22:00,谷值在13:00—15:00,表明受到了自然过程以及人为排放源的复合影响;(4)风场显著影响CO₂的浓度分布,春、夏季CO₂浓度距平日变化与地面风速为显著负相关,秋、冬季则为显著正相关。在春、夏季,S-WSW和NNE-N风向上CO₂浓度较低,在秋、冬季,SSE-S和N方向均导致CO₂浓...     

青藏高原三江源和河湾区夏季降水变化特征及对高原夏季风的响应

本文利用1981～2020年观测数据和ERA5再分析资料,将青藏高原腹地三江源和东南重要水汽通道河湾区作为典型研究区域,分析了降水不同时间尺度变化特征及其典型强弱年对高原季风环流系统的响应,结果表明：（1）三江源和河湾区降水的季节变化均呈双峰型分布,峰值出现在7月初和8月下旬。夏季降水在21世纪初发生年代际转折,尤其是三江源降水量在近20年增加明显。两个高原季风指数DPMI(Dynamic Plateau Monsoon Index)和ZPMI(Zhou Plateau Monsoon Index)的夏季风爆发时间均超前于河湾区和三江源降水的明显增加期。三江源夏季降水年际变化与两个高原夏季风指数有较好的相关性。三江源与河湾区虽然相邻很近,但三江源夏季降水受高原季风影响程度远大于河湾区。当高原夏季风增强（减弱）时,三江源降水量偏多（少）。（2）三江源降水偏多年,南亚高压偏东偏强,低层高原主体低压异常,有利于西南风和东南风在三江源区域交汇,南方暖湿空气能够深入高原腹地导致水汽辐合偏强。河湾区降水偏多年,河湾区及整个高原主体附近高度场并没有明显异常,河湾区的水汽输送主要有两条路径,一条来自孟...     

基于差分技术的悬索桥主缆高程测量误差修正方法

悬索桥基准索股是主缆架设的重要部分,基准索股垂直度测量主要采用三角高程测量法,而大气垂直折光差是影响三角高程测量的主要误差源。本文以等影响原则为前提,对差分技术的原理进行分析,利用基准点已知信息,对三角高程测量中的大气垂直折光差进行修正,从而提高基准索股垂直度测量的精度。上述方法能够满足主缆架设精度要求,并且在实际应用中得到了较好的结果,可为类似桥梁工程提供指导。     

季节预测模式对东亚夏季环流的预测能力及其对热带海洋的响应分析

东亚夏季环流变化对中国夏季降水的年际变化有重要影响,因此需要进一步理解季节预测模式对东亚夏季环流的预测能力。利用1991~2013年美国国家环境预测中心（NCEP）、中国气象局国家气候中心（NCC）和日本东京气候中心（TCC）的三个季节预测模式（CFS V2、BCC_CSM V2和MRI-CGCM）以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,定量评估了模式对东亚夏季风（EASM）和夏季西太平洋副热带高压（WPSH）强度的预测能力。在此基础上,分析了模式预测的EASM和WPSH对热带海温异常的响应能力,以及ENSO事件对EASM和WPSH预测的影响,阐述了预测误差产生的原因。结果表明:整体而言,三个模式对EASM和WPSH的预测技巧较高,但TCC模式对WPSH的预测技巧相对较低。三个模式预测的850 hPa风场在西北太平洋存在一个异常气旋,使得预测的EASM偏强和WPSH偏弱。同时,二者的年际变率整体比观测小。三个模式预测的EASM和WPSH对热带海洋海温异常的响应随季节演变特征与观测比较接近,但NCEP模式和TCC模式预测的EASM对前期热带太平洋和前期、同期热带印度洋的海温异常响应要强于观测,NCC模式预测的EASM对前期和同期的热带太平洋的海温异常响应明显比观测强。此外,三个模式预测的WPSH对前期和同期的热带太平洋、热带印度洋和热带大西洋的海温异常响应明显强于观测。三个模式预测的EASM和WPSH在ENSO年的平均绝对误差（MAE）整体而言要比正常年的小很多,NCEP模式和NCC模式预测的EASM和WPSH的MAE在La Ni?a年和El Ni?o年差别不大,而TCC模式预测的EASM和WPSH的MAE在El Ni?o年比在La Ni?a年大很多,表明ENSO事件是东亚夏季环流重要的可预报源。     

冬春季东亚气溶胶流出通量年际变率的相关环流异常分析

本文使用戈达德对地观测系统（Goddard Earth Observing System,GEOS）全球三维大气化学传输模式GEOS-Chem模拟了气象场驱动下1986~2006年冬春季东亚到太平洋区域气溶胶的流出通量,分析了流出通量的年际变率及其相关的环流异常。结果表明,偏多（少）的东亚气溶胶流出对应东北亚-西太平洋区域（Northeast Asia-western Pacific,NAWP）500 hPa定常波负值中心强度变强（弱）。NAWP区域500 hPa位势高度场负（正）异常还可能造成气溶胶流出路径的变化,即更多（少）的气溶胶相对于气候态偏北5~10个纬度的路径向太平洋区域传输。这种位势高度场上的异常伴随着对流层中低层西风和大气斜压性异常,从而引起东亚到太平洋区域气溶胶流出通量及其路径的年际变化。     

东亚高空急流协同变化对冬季欧亚遥相关型气候效应的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国地面735站气温和降水资料,首先分析了欧亚遥相关型的时间演变和结构特征,在此基础上探讨了欧亚遥相关型不同位相时东亚大气环流的差异,并进一步研究了欧亚遥相关型影响我国冬季气温和降水过程中东亚高空急流的重要作用。从结构上看,欧亚遥相关型位势高度异常中心位于250 hPa高度,表现出准正压的结构。欧亚遥相关型位于正位相时,东亚温带急流强度偏弱且位置向北移动;副热带急流强度偏强,两支急流在45°N附近有明显分界;西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压强度增强;东亚大槽加深,槽线倾斜不明显。负位相时则相反。欧亚遥相关型与东亚高空急流的联系是其影响我国气温降水的重要原因。正欧亚遥相关型时,偏弱的温带急流区较强的北风分量有利于北方冷空气南下,从而造成我国气温偏低;偏强的副热带急流区增强的南风将副热带地区暖湿空气向北输送,两支急流协同变化,影响我国冬季降水异常的分布。去掉温带急流或副热带急流偏强的年份,欧亚遥相关型与我国温度、降水的相关性显著减弱,说明欧亚遥相关型是通过东亚高空急流协同变化的桥梁,对我国温度和降水异常产生影响。进一步研究发现,欧亚遥相关型与副热带急流的关系不如其与温带急流稳定,导致在欧亚遥相关型同一位相时东亚高空急流存在两种不同的配置,这种高空急流配置的不唯一性使得东亚高空急流能对欧亚遥相关型的气候效应起到调控作用。     

THE ANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX AND ONSET

RegCM4.3, a high-resolution regional climate model, which includes five kinds of aerosols(dust, sea salt,sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon), is employed to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) from 1995 to 2010 and the simulation data are used to study the possible impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on EASM.The results show that the regional climate model can well simulate the EASM and the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. The EASM index is reduced by about 5% by the natural and anthropogenic aerosols and the monsoon onset time is also delayed by about a pentad except for Southeast China. The aerosols heat the middle atmosphere through absorbing solar radiation and the air column expands in Southeast China and its offshore areas. As a result, the geopotential height decreases and a cyclonic circulation anomaly is generated in the lower atmosphere. Northerly wind located in the west of cyclonic circulation weakens the low-level southerly wind in the EASM region. Negative surface radiative forcing due to aerosols causes downward motion and an indirect meridional circulation is formed with the low-level northerly wind and high-level southerly wind anomaly in the north of 25° N in the monsoon area, which weakens the vertical circulation of EASM. The summer precipitation of the monsoon region is significantly reduced,especially in North and Southwest China where the value of moisture flux divergence increases.