汕头雷暴日异常环流背景特征

利用1951—2010年汕头气候观象台逐日雷暴资料和NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,分析了汕头雷暴日气候特征及雷暴日异常环流背景。结果表明：汕头雷暴日主要集中出现在4—9月,6月雷暴日最多。近60 a,汕头雷暴日呈显著的下降趋势,在1978年发生突变;汕头雷暴日存在多尺度振荡,主周期为25 a;500 hPa上贝加尔湖高脊、北方槽、南支槽和副热带高压的异常变化,是导致中国汕头雷暴日异常的环流系统,并且这些系统在雷暴日偏多、偏少年具有相反的变化特征。850 hPa上,在雷暴日偏多年,副热带西太平洋和孟加拉湾向中国汕头水汽输送明显增加;偏少年基本相反。     

穿云飞机电磁噪声的实验分析

利用高灵敏度和高时空精度的三维雷电观测系统LMA(Lightning Mapping Array)分析穿云飞机的观测资料,发现这一系统在地面可探测到穿云飞机产生的60～66MHz带宽内的电磁辐射,其强度在1W～10kW之间,甚至更高,且与所探测到的辐射源数成线性反比,辐射是由飞机上的尖端放电产生的. 穿云飞机在10～12km高度上产生的辐射最强,且在靠近发生闪电的对流区比远离这一区域强. 飞机穿过不同云系时,辐射强度不同,其中穿过层状云系时,辐射最弱.     

积云动力和电过程二维模式研究 Ⅰ．理论和模式

提出了一个模拟积云动力和电力发展的二维时变轴对称模式。考虑了１０种主要微物理过程，它们包括凝结（凝华）、蒸发、自动转换、粒子间的碰撞以及冰晶核化，次生冰晶等。在起电过程中除了考虑常规的扩散和电导起电外，重点引入了感应和非感应起电，以及次生冰晶起电的作用。作者认为后三个过程是形成积云电结构的主要物理因子。     

雷暴非感应起电机制的模拟研究：Ⅰ.云内因子影响

利用一个二维时变积云动力－电数值模式模拟了非感应起电过程，讨论了流场。降水以及冰晶谱分布对起电的影响。结果指出：只有在强上升气流穿过－２０℃高度层时才会产生强起电，且发生达到最大上升速度后出现降落的时段。     

CAPE values and hailstorms on northwestern Spain

A study has been carried out in León (in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula) on atmospheric convection during summer periods, by analyzing the values of the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) around 07:00 UTC. The project analyzed the data provided by a network of voluntary observers, a hailpad network, and a meteorological station on a sample of 224 days. The CAPE values found were not high: they never reached 2000 J/kg, not even on hail days, i.e. on days with high convective activity. These values are much lower than the ones measured in convective situations in tropical regions, but they are within the usual values found in Europe. The same happens with the wet bulb potential temperature measured in León. The frequency distribution of the CAPE values shows a clear prevalence of very low or zero values. The group of days with the lowest CAPE value is that which included days with no storm. The mean value increases on storm days, and it is even higher for the days with recorded hailfalls. All these differences are significantly marked. Nevertheless, the differences across the years are not significant enough to be able to speak of an influence of the climatic change on the CAPE. The correlation of the CAPE with some of the variables previously used for hail forecasts was analyzed, and the correlation found was higher for the lifted index. The possible use of the CAPE as a thunderstorm and hailstorm forecasting method was considered. The results were encouraging, especially for hail forecasting, although the CAPE should not be used as the only variable, but combined with other parameters. Moreover, the relationships between the CAPE and the wet bulb potential temperature and between the CAPE and the physical parameters of the hailstones were also analyzed. A relationship was observed with the parameters of the hailstone size distribution. Nonetheless, these results are provisional, and they should be confirmed by analyzing a more representative sample. With a more detailed analysis of these and other relationships, the present forecast model used by the Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics at the University of León is expected to be greatly improved by including the CAPE in this model.     

河南省2002—01—12雷暴成因探析

利用实时资料，分析了2002—01—12河南省雷暴产生前后的大气能量和动力条件，揭示了雷暴的成因。     

闪电产生氮氧化物(LNOX)区域特征计算(Ⅱ): LNOX计算结果分析

利用东北、北京和广东三地的闪电定位资料，计算分析了6种不同类型雷暴中闪电产生的氮氧化物总体、季节、空间分布和雷暴的不同发展阶段等特征。结果表明：虽然中高纬地区雷暴频数较低，年总产氮(N)量低于低纬地区，但单个雷暴平均产N量并不比低纬低。三地雷暴产N量的月份分布不相同，东北和北京地区的峰值月份出现在季节交换期的6月和9月，广东地区出现在对流相对旺盛的7月。低纬区的系统雷暴产N量主要发生在成熟阶段，而发展和消散阶段产N量很低，中高纬尽管成熟阶段产N量最高，但发展和消散阶段也有一定的比例。中高纬的局地雷暴产N量主要发生在发展和消散阶段，成熟阶段很低，而广东地区，三个阶段相差不大。进一步讨论了几种雷暴闪电参数与雷暴产生N量的相关性，得到系统雷暴正负闪电总数和雷暴产生N量的回归预报方程并讨论了误差。最后与文献[1]的方法和Price的方法进行了比较。     

A modelling study of the effect of cloud saturation and particle growth rates on charge transfer in thunderstorm electrification

Numerical studies have been made of the importance of cloud saturation to the sign of charge transfer during graupel/ice crystal interactions in thunderstorms. Previous laboratory studies led to the idea that the diffusional growth rates of the interacting ice surfaces may influence the sign of the charge transferred during brief collisional contact. The ice crystals grow by vapour diffusion in a supersaturated environment while the graupel surface grows by diffusion under low accretion rate conditions, but will sublimate when heated sufficiently by riming. The graupel surface is also influenced, even under net sublimation conditions, by the vapour released to it from droplets freezing on its surface. In a cloud, the diffusional growth rates are also affected by ventilation when the supercooled droplets and their local environment flow past the riming surface.The diffusional growth rates of ice crystals and riming graupel particles are calculated for various cloud saturation ratios, then the sign of electric charge transferred during crystal/graupel collisions is determined according to the concept of the relative vapour diffusional growth rates, according to Baker et al., 1987 [Baker, B., Baker, M.B., Jayaratne, E.J., Latham, J., Saunders, C.P.R., 1987. The influence of diffusional growth rates on the charge transfer accompanying rebounding collisions between ice crystals and soft hailstones. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 113, 1193–1215]. It is found necessary, in order to account for the observation of positive charging of riming graupel at high accretion rates, to modify the assumptions of Baker et al. in order to increase the flux of vapour to the graupel surface. The variable growth parameters available may be adjusted to represent the environmental saturation conditions in various laboratory experiments, including the mixing of clouds from regions having different growth conditions, and are used to determine charge sign sensitivity to cloud saturation ratio, temperature and accretion as measured by the cloud effective liquid water content.