Stormwater runoff pollution in a rural township in the hilly area of the central Sichuan Basin, China

Stormwater runoff in rural townships has a high potential for water quality impairment but little information is available on strormwater runoff pollution from rural townships.To investigate the characteristics of runoff pollution in a rural township,a catchment(2.32 ha) in Linshan Township,Sichuan,China was selected to examine runoff and quality parameters including precipitation,flow rate,and total nitrogen(TN),dissolved nitrogen(DN),total phosphorus(TP),dissolved phosphorus(DP),particulate phosphorus(PP),chemical oxygen demand(COD) and suspended solid(SS) in 12 rainfall events occurring between June 2006 and July 2007.Results show that the annual pollutant loads were 47.17 kg ha-1 for TN,6.64 kg ha-1 for TP,1186 kg ha-1 for COD,and 4297 kg ha-1 for SS.DN and PP were the main forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff.TP,COD and SS showed medium mass first flushes,in which nearly 40% of the total pollutant masses were transported by the first 30% of total flow volume.The peak of pollutant concentration appeared before the peak of runoff due to the first flush of accumulative pollutants in impervious areas and drainage ditches.The EMC values of TN,TP,DN and PP were negatively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity,precipitation,total flow volume,and runoff duration(P<0.05,n=12),while EMC of COD and SS were not related to any rainfall characteristics.The FF30(FF,First Flush) for TN,TP,COD and SS were positively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),and TP was also positively correlated to the average rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),indicating that the magnitude of first flush increased with the rainfall intensity in the Linshan Township.     

Simplified methods for real-time prediction of storm surge uncertainty: The city of Venice case study

Providing reliable and accurate storm surge forecasts is important for a wide range of problems related to coastal environments. In order to adequately support decision-making processes, it also become increasingly important to be able to estimate the uncertainty associated with the storm surge forecast. The procedure commonly adopted to do this uses the results of a hydrodynamic model forced by a set of different meteorological forecasts; however, this approach requires a considerable, if not prohibitive, computational cost for real-time application. In the present paper we present two simplified methods for estimating the uncertainty affecting storm surge prediction with moderate computational effort. In the first approach we use a computationally fast, statistical tidal model instead of a hydrodynamic numerical model to estimate storm surge uncertainty. The second approach is based on the observation that the uncertainty in the sea level forecast mainly stems from the uncertainty affecting the meteorological fields; this has led to the idea to estimate forecast uncertainty via a linear combination of suitable meteorological variances, directly extracted from the meteorological fields. The proposed methods were applied to estimate the uncertainty in the storm surge forecast in the Venice Lagoon. The results clearly show that the uncertainty estimated through a linear combination of suitable meteorological variances nicely matches the one obtained using the deterministic approach and overcomes some intrinsic limitations in the use of a statistical tidal model.     

Research Progress of Coastal Dunes Response to Storm

The major areas of world coastal dunes have been frequently attacked by storms. The storm, as a high energy influential factor for the formation and evolution of coastal dunes, is also one of the important research contents on the surf zone-beach-dune interaction. The research progress are reviewed from the following aspects: Coastal dune morphological response to storms, coastal dune sediments response to storms, mechanisms of coastal dunes in response to storms, and the research methods and techniques used in the research on coastal dunes to storms. Finally, open questions and future developments were suggested.     

对一次温带气旋引发的渤海风暴潮过程的数值模拟

利用三维非静力中尺度大气模式—MM5（Version 3.7）输出的黄渤海海面风场和气压场预报资料,用三维斜压陆架海模式—HAMSOM对2008年8月22日温带气旋造成的渤海风暴潮过程进行了模拟,得到逐时的渤海增水场、渤海风暴潮流场,与验潮站的观测数据进行比较。结果表明：在渤海西部已经转西北风的情况下,塘沽出现了121 cm的高增水,造成这种现象的原因很复杂,其中远距离的气旋作用产生的北黄海海域偏东大风导致北黄海水体大量涌入渤海应该是一个主要原因。这也是今后预报业务中必须特别关注的产生风暴潮的重要因素。数值模拟的塘沽测站的风暴潮增水极值及增水过程都和实测值符合较好,本次过程中数值预报能够很好地模拟出这种特殊的风暴潮。在离岸风的情况下产生风暴潮,这仅靠预报员凭经验主观分析判断是很难的,数值预报可以弥补预报员主观分析的不足。     

Groundwater connections under a barrier beach: A case study in the Venice Lagoon

The flow of groundwater beneath barrier islands has been cited as a possible pathway for salt water and chemical exchange between a protected embayment and the open sea. Evidence is presented that identifies an exchange of groundwater through a highly permeable paleoinlet along the barrier beach of Cavallino, which separates the northern Venice Lagoon from the Adriatic Sea. We utilized both point measurements of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and a geophysical investigation of the subsurface resistivity to analyze the movement of saline groundwater. Discharge of groundwater and associated nutrients, was higher at the site of a former inlet than at a similar site along the barrier and modulated by the difference in tidal water level between the lagoon and Adriatic Sea. If the measured conditions are typical, storm surge barriers could potentially result in a saline groundwater flow of up to 1.5×10⁶ m³ d⁻¹ into the lagoon.     

A case study of the impact of cyclonic trajectories on sea-level extremes in the Gulf of Finland

Modelling of water levels in the Baltic Sea, aimed at evaluating the influence of the trajectories and propagation speeds of a deep idealized cyclone on sea-level extremes in the Gulf of Finland, is done using the hydrodynamic model BSM6. An analytical expression for determination of the atmospheric pressure in this cyclone takes into account the existence of the cold front and the time evolution of the cyclone intensity. The empirical parameters in this relation are based on those of the deep cyclone ‘Erwin’ which passed over the Baltic Sea region in 2005.     

贝壳堤的形成与风暴沉积——以广东台山长湾贝壳堤为例

台山市西南部沿海有一条由典型风暴潮沉积堆积形成,出露高度远高于现代风暴潮增水面的贝壳堤.根据贝壳堤出露的横向与纵向剖面以及横剖面上的3个钻孔的形成年代、沉积特征的分析表明风暴潮在贝壳堤发育过程中的不同阶段具有不同的侵蚀与堆积作用;贝壳堤风暴沉积也具有丘状层理、切割充填结构等典型的风暴沉积特征,但贝壳堤风暴沉积与浅海陆架上的风暴沉积在沉积过程、堆积层位、保存条件等方面具有明显的差异.长湾贝壳堤是由多次风暴加积而成,形成贝壳堤的风暴增水高度接近或高于历史最高记录.形成贝壳堤的风暴沉积堆积于平均海面之上,所以增     

磁层相对论电子通量变化与磁暴/亚暴的关系

本文分析了1 AU处的行星际磁场、太阳风速度、Kp指数、Dst和AE的变化关系,以及它们和地球同步轨道附近相对论电子通量的变化关系.分析说明,当行星际磁场Bz分量出现南向扰动和太阳风速度增大超过500 km/s时,地球磁层中常常发生磁暴/亚暴活动.在磁暴主相期间,相对论电子(能量E≥1 MeV)通量下降;而在磁暴恢复相期间,相对论电子通量恢复上升.但是,只有在伴随有高强度（AE≥500 nT）的持续性亚暴活动的磁暴恢复相期间,相对论电子的通量才能增长到超过暴前通量值,且能量低于300 keV的亚暴电子的通量越高,相对论电子的通量越高,反之则越低.亚暴注入电子数的多少很大程度上决定了磁暴恢复相期间相对论电子数的多少,这说明亚暴活动注入能量低于300 keV的亚暴电子是磁层相对论电子的一个重要来源.     

利用Cluster Ⅱ数据分析等离子体片区磁结构运动特性

利用Cluster Ⅱ 卫星上搭载的磁通门磁强计的观测数据,可以计算磁结构的运动速度.本文在GSM（Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric System,地心太阳磁层系）坐标系下处理了磁暴期间（2002年8月1日到2日）和磁场宁静期（2002年8月6日到7日）的等离子体片区的观测数据.通过分析磁结构速度的统计特性和频谱特性,得到以下结论：（1）磁结构运动速度呈现出不规则的摆动结构.（2）Vz的方差与Vy的方差近似相等,而远大于Vx的方差.这可能是由于“风袋效应”.（3）在黎明侧的等离子体片区, Vx和Vz的平均值约为0,但Vy的平均值的量级为-10 km/s.这可能是在等离子体片区Pc5压缩波造成的.（4）Vx, Vy, Vz的频谱在0033 min-1和0035 min-1之间都有一个峰值.     

海南省风暴潮预警综合管理平台建设

海南省风暴潮预警综合管理平台通过海域动态专网连接到警戒潮位标志物预警站的智能采集控制器,获取潮位观测和设备运行状态数据,通过数据解析,建立潮位和设备运行监测信息平台中心数据库,在此基础上实现业务管理和应用服务(如数据的监控、统计、查询、图形化分析、报表输出、参数设置、Web客户端等)。临灾前,海南省海洋监测预报中心可依据潮位监测和海洋预报数据,利用风暴潮预警综合管理平台提前对警戒潮位标志物预警站下达预警指令,发布预警信号,警示周边群众及时避险。临灾时,风暴潮预警综合管理平台可为“三防”应急指挥部门提供警戒潮位观测预警站点的风暴增水数据和现场视频画面,为海洋防灾减灾工作和指挥决策提供重要数据支撑和决策依据。