基于区域航空运输可达性的机场空间布局

构建表现机场腹地与其航空运输网络间相互关系的结构方程模型,明确“二三产业总产值/总人口数/社会消费品零售总额”与“通航机场数/航班密度/通航里程”2个变量组之间的数量关系。基于腹地陆路交通网络和机场航空运输网络,列出机场陆域可达性和航线可达性的数学表达式,并基于乘客的主观感受组合2类可达性指标得到区域航空运输可达性指标,将该指标作为比选机场空间布局方案的标准。以烟台/威海地区为例对不同机场布局方案的场景进行分析,结果表明：在目前的需求形态下烟台/威海地区应设置1个机场,以使旅客享有较好的航空运输服务,使整个区域的航空运输可达性最优。     

Reconstructing historic Glacial Lake Outburst Floods through numerical modelling and geomorphological assessment: Extreme events in the Himalaya

Recession of high‐mountain glaciers in response to climatic change frequently results in the development of moraine‐dammed glacial lakes. Moraine dam failure is often accompanied by the release of large volumes of water and sediment, termed a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). Chukhung Glacier is a small (~3 km²) receding valley glacier in Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha) National Park, Nepal. Unlike many Himalayan glaciers, which possess a thick mantle of supraglacial debris, its surface is relatively clean. The glacier terminus has receded 1.3 km from its maximum Holocene position, and in doing so provided the space for an ice‐contact moraine‐dammed lake to develop. The lake had a maximum volume of 5.5 × 10⁵ m³ and drained as a result of breaching of the terminal moraine. An estimated 1.3 × 10⁵ m³ of material was removed from the terminal moraine during breach development. Numerical dam‐breach modelling, implemented within a Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) framework, was used to investigate a range of moraine‐dam failure scenarios. Reconstructed outflow peak discharges, including failure via overtopping and piping mechanisms, are in the range 146–2200 m³ s^‐1. Results from two‐dimensional hydrodynamic GLOF modelling indicate that maximum local flow depths may have exceeded 9 m, with maximum flow velocities exceeding 20 m s^‐1 within 700 m of the breach. The floodwaters mobilised a significant amount of material, sourced mostly from the expanding breach, forming a 300 m long and 100 m wide debris fan originating at the breach exit. moraine‐dam. These results also suggest that inundation of the entire floodplain may have been achieved within ten minutes of initial breach development, suggesting that debris fan development was rapid. We discuss the key glaciological and geomorphological factors that have determined the evolution of a hazardous moraine‐dammed lake complex and the subsequent generation of a GLOF and its geomorphological impact. © 2014 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Two-dimensional physical-based inversion of confined and unconfined aquifers under unknown boundary conditions

An inverse method is developed to simultaneously estimate multiple hydraulic conductivities, source/sink strengths, and boundary conditions, for two-dimensional confined and unconfined aquifers under non-pumping or pumping conditions. The method incorporates noisy observed data (hydraulic heads, groundwater fluxes, or well rates) at measurement locations. With a set of hybrid formulations, given sufficient measurement data, the method yields well-posed systems of equations that can be solved efficiently via nonlinear optimization. The solution is stable when measurement errors are increased. The method is successfully tested on problems with regular and irregular geometries, different heterogeneity patterns and variances (maximum K_max/K_min tested is 10,000), and error magnitudes. Under non-pumping conditions, when error-free observed data are used, the estimated conductivities and recharge rates are accurate within 8% of the true values. When data contain increasing errors, the estimated parameters become less accurate, as expected. For problems where the underlying parameter variation is unknown, equivalent conductivities and average recharge rates can be estimated. Under pumping (and/or injection) conditions, a hybrid formulation is developed to address these local source/sink effects, while different types of boundary conditions can also exert significant influences on drawdowns. Local grid refinement near wells is not needed to obtain accurate results, thus inversion is successful with coarse inverse grids, leading to high computation efficiency. Furthermore, flux measurements are not needed for the inversion to succeed; data requirement of the method is thus not much different from that of interpreting classic well tests. Finally, inversion accuracy is not sensitive to the degree of nonlinearity of the flow equations. Performance of the inverse method for confined and unconfined aquifer problems is similar in terms of the accuracy of the estimated parameters, the recovered head fields, and the solver speed.     

电视气象科普片的结构设计

将电视节目结构设计理论与实际工作相结合,分析目前国内电视气象科普片在结构设计方面的不足,并提出一些比较实用的设计思路。     

地下工程软弱岩体围岩结构的地震探测技术

控制地下工程软弱岩体特征的一个重要前提是围岩工程地质条件评价以及围岩的地质结构的定量认识,而目前软岩巷道支护难的主要原因是对巷道工程地质条件和围岩结构认识不清、支护对象不明确。基于以上分析,本文以显德汪矿主运输巷道为试验研究对象,采用地震技术对软弱岩体围岩结构进行了全断面探测,实现了岩体结构的空间定位和精确探测,进而为支护形式和支护参数的选择提供了直观可靠的工程地质依据。     

岩石圈流变结构的一种新的应变率约束

对目前存在的3种应变率约束条件（常应变率,常构造力,与应变率有关的构造力约束）进行了讨论,它们都不能真实地反映岩石圈内的应变率分布及实际观测.基于近几年GPS测量的研究结果,提出利用GPS实测应变率对岩石圈流变结构进行约束的新方法.对华北地区实际流变剖面的计算结果表明,本文方法克服了上述三种约束条件的不足,利用它所确定的岩石圈流变结构更为合理,在流变性质上较好地反映了与大地构造的对应关系,而且一定程度上反映岩石圈内各种状态参量及物质参量对流变结构的影响.同时还讨论了这种约束存在的问题.     

Saturn’s tropospheric composition and clouds from Cassini/VIMS 4.6-5.1 μm nightside spectroscopy

The latitudinal variation of Saturn’s tropospheric composition (NH₃, PH₃ and AsH₃) and aerosol properties (cloud altitudes and opacities) are derived from Cassini/VIMS 4.6-5.1 μm thermal emission spectroscopy on the planet’s nightside (April 22, 2006). The gaseous and aerosol distributions are used to trace atmospheric circulation and chemistry within and below Saturn’s cloud decks (in the 1- to 4-bar region). Extensive testing of VIMS spectral models is used to assess and minimise the effects of degeneracies between retrieved variables and sensitivity to the choice of aerosol properties. Best fits indicate cloud opacity in two regimes: (a) a compact cloud deck centred in the 2.5-2.8 bar region, symmetric between the northern and southern hemispheres, with small-scale opacity variations responsible for numerous narrow light/dark axisymmetric lanes; and (b) a hemispherically asymmetric population of aerosols at pressures less than 1.4 bar (whose exact altitude and vertical structure is not constrained by nightside spectra) which is 1.5-2.0× more opaque in the summer hemisphere than in the north and shows an equatorial maximum between ±10° (planetocentric).Saturn’s NH₃ spatial variability shows significant enhancement by vertical advection within ±5° of the equator and in axisymmetric bands at 23-25°S and 42-47°N. The latter is consistent with extratropical upwelling in a dark band on the poleward side of the prograde jet at 41°N (planetocentric). PH₃ dominates the morphology of the VIMS spectrum, and high-altitude PH₃ at p < 1.3 bar has an equatorial maximum and a mid-latitude asymmetry (elevated in the summer hemisphere), whereas deep PH₃ is latitudinally-uniform with off-equatorial maxima near ±10°. The spatial distribution of AsH₃ shows similar off-equatorial maxima at ±7° with a global abundance of 2-3 ppb. VIMS appears to be sensitive to both (i) an upper tropospheric circulation (sensed by NH₃ and upper-tropospheric PH₃ and hazes) and (ii) a lower tropospheric circulation (sensed by deep PH₃, AsH₃ and the lower cloud deck).     

南羌塘盆地中-新生代逆冲推覆构造样式及构造应力场特征

新生代印度板块与欧亚板块的持续碰撞挤压,造成南羌塘地块向南逆冲于拉萨地块之上,并在南羌塘地块内部形成了一系列的由北往南的逆冲推覆构造。然而,到目前为止,我们对这些逆冲推覆构造及夹持其间的褶皱变形的结构组成、构造样式、形成时代以及缩短量分布等问题仍存在很大的争议。本文在详细的野外调查基础上,对赛布错-扎加藏布断裂（SZT）,多玛-其香错断裂（DQT）,隆鄂尼褶断带（LF）及南羌塘与中央隆起带分界的肖查卡-双湖断裂（XST）进行了几何学、运动学分析,建立了精细的构造框架。我们认为这些断裂为始新世以来形成的同时期的叠瓦状逆冲推覆;并通过野外褶皱形态,结合层面、节理面、断层面滑动矢量的分析,识别出南羌塘盆地4期构造应力场：1） 代表中特提斯俯冲碰撞阶段的近S-N 向的挤压;2） 中特提斯碰撞后,随着班公湖-怒江缝合带的形成,南羌塘地区构造应力场转为S-N 向的伸展;3） 新生代印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲碰撞,青藏高原进入陆内变形阶段,南羌塘盆地内表现为NE-SW 向的挤压,形成本文提及的一系列逆冲推覆构造;4） 随着高原的持续隆升,约14 Ma南北向裂谷开始活动,应力场转为NWW-SEE 向伸展,形成双湖裂谷系。     

兰州-天水地区三维重力反演及其地质解释

本文利用重力资料对兰州－天水地区的深部构造进行了研究。在计算中，采用Ｐａｒｋｅｒ－Ｏｌｄｅｎｂａｒｇ三维位场反演方法，反演前对重力资料进行了地形改和中新生低沉积层校正。根据反演结构，综合反演结果，综合分析了有关资料，认为该区为青藏块体过渡带，并且并且提出了陇中盆地为断块型构造盆地的新认识。     

Assessing the performance of structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry and terrestrial LiDAR for reconstructing soil surface microtopography of naturally vegetated plots

Soil microtopography is a property of critical importance in many earth surface processes but is often difficult to quantify. Advances in computer vision technologies have made image‐based three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction or Structure‐from‐Motion (SfM) available to many scientists as a low cost alternative to laser‐based systems such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). While the performance of SfM at acquiring soil surface microtopography has been extensively compared to that of TLS on bare surfaces, little is known about the impact of vegetation on reconstruction performance. This article evaluates the performance of SfM and TLS technologies at reconstructing soil microtopography on 6 m × 2 m erosion plots with vegetation cover ranging from 0% to 77%. Results show that soil surface occlusion by vegetation was more pronounced with TLS compared to SfM, a consequence of the single viewpoint laser scanning strategy adopted in this study. On the bare soil surface, elevation values estimated with SfM were within 5 mm of those from TLS although long distance deformations were observed with the former technology. As vegetation cover increased, agreement between SfM and TLS slightly degraded but was significantly affected beyond 53% of ground cover. Detailed semivariogram analysis on meter‐square‐scale surface patches showed that TLS and SfM surfaces were very similar even on highly vegetated plots but with fine scale details and the dynamic elevation range smoothed out with SfM. Errors in the TLS data were mainly caused by the distance measurement function of the instrument especially at the fringe of occlusion regions where the laser beam intersected foreground and background features simultaneously. From this study, we conclude that a realistic approach to digitizing soil surface microtopography in field conditions can be implemented by combining strengths of the image‐based method (simplicity and effectiveness at reconstructing soil surface under sparse vegetation) with the high accuracy of TLS‐like technologies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.