Variations of U and Sr isotope ratios in Alsace and Luxembourg rain waters: origin and hydrogeochemical implications

Major and trace element concentrations, as well as Sr and U isotope ratios, were measured in rainwater samples collected in three different locations in Alsace (East of France) and Luxembourg: a mid-altitude mountain site (Aubure Environment HydroGeochemical Observatory), an urban site (Strasbourg) and a peri-urban site located in an area of well developed industrial activity (Esch-sur-Alzette in Luxembourg). Results highlight the quite high spatial and temporal variability of the chemical and isotopic characteristics of rainwater at the regional scale. They also suggest a quite systematic contribution of a local component in the chemical composition of rainwater. In urban and peri-urban sites, the local component is certainly linked to human activities, as it is well illustrated in this study with the Esch-sur-Alzette samples. On the other hand, for the Aubure site, i.e. a small forested watershed of mid-altitude mountain, data presented in this study demonstrate the influence of the vegetation on the chemical composition of rainwater for alkali and calc-alkali elements, as well as for the Sr isotope ratios. Such a result questions the reliability of the method classically used to estimate the rainwater contribution on the river chemical budget. In addition, data of the present study confirm the very low content of uranium in rainwater and demonstrate, especially through the U isotope analysis of Aubure rainwater, the negligible effect of rainwater on U budget of river waters. This work thus outlines the property of U to be a geochemical tracer specific of weathering fluxes carried by rivers. To cite this article: F. Chabaux et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

金沙江干热河谷不同植被坡面土壤水分时空分布特征

于2016年7~12月和2017年4月的旱、雨季期间，以金沙江干热河谷苴那小流域内的银合欢（Leucaena Benth）林地、车桑子（Dodonaea angustifolia）灌丛地和扭黄茅（Heteropogon cantortus）草地为研究对象，通过网格法和土钻法采集并测定了（0~100 cm）土层的土壤含水量，应用经典统计法和地统计学方法分析该区域不同林草植被下坡面土壤水分的动态变化特征。结果表明：（1）研究区土壤含水量总体较低，雨季显著大于旱季，旱、雨季均表现为灌丛地>草地>林地，呈中度至强度变异（0.07~0.28之间）。（2）不同林草植被下旱、雨季土壤水分具有相似的空间自相关性，自相关系数均由正向负转变，但由正向负转变的滞后距离有所不同，且雨季大于旱季，呈中等或强等空间自相关性。（3）不同林草植被下的土壤水分空间结构不同，林地、灌丛地和草地旱雨季最佳拟合模型均为球状模型；相同林草植被下各土层旱、雨季土壤水分的空间分布特征相似，但旱季的分布格局差异更显著，不同林草植被下深层土壤水分分布比表层土壤水分的分布更为复杂，土壤水分呈明显的斑块或条带状分布，含水量高值区和低值区位置不固定。总之不同林草植被类型会改变局部地段土壤水分空间分布，降雨会加强这种差异的趋势，但土壤水分仍具一定空间连续性。     

Understanding the relative impacts of natural processes and human activities on the hydrology of the Central Rift Valley lakes,East Africa

Significant changes have been observed in the hydrology of Central Rift Valley (CRV) lakes in Ethiopia, East Africa as a result of both natural processes and human activities during the past three decades. This study applied an integrated approach (remote sensing, hydrologic modelling, and statistical analysis) to understand the relative effects of natural processes and human activities over a sparsely gauged CRV basin. Lake storage estimates were calculated from a hydrologic model constructed without inputs from human impacts such as water abstraction and compared with satellite‐based (observed) lake storage measurements to characterize the magnitude of human‐induced impacts. A non‐parametric Mann–Kendall test was used to detect the presence of climatic trends (e.g. a decreasing or increasing trends in precipitation), while the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) analysis was used to assess the long‐term, inter‐annual climate variability within the basin. Results indicate human activities (e.g. abstraction) significantly contributed to the changes in the hydrology of the lakes, while no statistically significant climatic trend was seen in the basin, however inter‐annual natural climate variability, extreme dryness, and prolonged drought has negatively affected the lakes. The relative contributions of natural and human‐induced impacts on the lakes were quantified and evaluated by comparing hydrographs of the CRV lakes. Lake Abiyata has lost ~6.5 m in total lake height between 1985 and 2006, 70% (~4.5 m) of the loss has been attributed to human‐induced causes, whereas the remaining 30% is related to natural climate variability. The relative impact analysis utilized in this study could potentially be used to better plan and create effective water‐management practices in the basin and demonstrates the utility of this integrated methodology for similar studies assessing the relative natural and human‐induced impacts on lakes in data sparse areas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2007年夏季江淮强降水过程中10~30d低频变化及其与对流层上层波包活动的联系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析和全国740站逐日降水资料,运用一点滞后相关等方法,对2007年夏季江淮流域强降水期间低频振荡的波动活动特征及其与降水低频变化的联系进行了分析。结果表明,在2007年夏季降水中,降水低频分量起着重要作用。降水的低频振荡主周期为10~30d,降水距平时间序列与10~30d低频分量具有较好的对应关系。低频扰动在对流层上层和低层都呈现波列状分布,且在降水活跃位相时,低频环流在高、低层具有斜压结构。在对流层上层,低频扰动有缓慢的东移倾向,相速度为每天2~3个经度。西风带中存在多次移动性波列向下游的传播,且在120°E以西以每天14经度的群速度向下游频散能量,表明10~30d低频波动具有明显的下游发展特征。在强降水开始5d前,低频波动与能量可起源于高纬的乌拉尔山附近,沿着西北-东南向的路径向下游传播。下游发展的低频波动为江淮流域带来了能量,为强降水的发生提供了条件。这些结果加深了人们对低频波动在江淮流域强降水过程中所起作用的认识,可为寻找江淮流域强降水过程预报线索提供科学依据。     

新疆若羌县坡一超镁铁岩浆岩型铜镍矿床特征及远景展望

新疆北山裂谷带中出露有数量众多的镁铁-超镁铁岩,坡一铜镍矿位于北山裂谷金铜镍成矿带西部、坡北镁铁-超镁铁岩带西南部。经1989~2014年的持续勘查,坡北岩带中的坡一铜镍矿规模达到100万吨以上。笔者在前人工作的基础上,结合裂谷环境下成岩机制,分析了坡一铜镍矿成矿环境及成矿作用演化特征,树立了独特的多期岩浆成矿模式,建立了找矿标志,为成矿带镁铁-超镁铁岩浆硫化物型铜镍矿床建立了成矿模型,且对成矿远景做了探讨。     

日照市河谷平原区成井方法对比研究

在分析日照河谷平原区水文地质条件的基础上,通过大量抽水试验数据,对比分析研究了当地民井与本次施工水井成井方法的差异,指出了当地民井在成井方法上的不足和缺陷,并提出了适宜该区的成井方法建议。     

某水电站某泥石流沟综合治理概述

某水电站某泥石流沟内常年流水,属季节性排洪沟谷,水动力类型为暴雨,沟内松散物源丰富,具有泥石流发生条件。在上游区以拦挡泥石流为主,通过修建拦挡措施,减少形成泥石流的固体物质,在下游区以防水、边坡防护及引流等措施,通过修建溢流坝截断上游水流对沟内堆渣体渗流影响;通过修建排洪渠及排洪洞引流;通过削坡、修坡进行边坡维护加固。确保了导流洞出口及上下行交通洞进出口的施工期安全及运行安全。     

长江流域地下水资源特征与开发利用现状

为提升对长江流域水文地质和地下水资源的认知程度,突破以往单独从地表水或地下水角度进行评价的局限性,长江流域水文地质调查工程以地球系统科学理论和水循环理论为指导,充分考虑地表水与地下水的转化关系,将水文地质单元和地表水流域有机结合,划分长江流域地下水评价单元,建立典型地下水资源评价模型,开展了新一轮长江流域地下水资源评价。评价结果表明:(1)长江流域水循环要素时空分布不均,降水以中游最多,并由东南向西北递减;地表径流主要集中在夏季,且长江北岸比南岸集中程度更高;蒸散发量总体上呈现东部高于西部的特征,最大值集中在长江中游一带;长江流域地下水位总体保持稳定,丰枯季水位变化总体不大,一般小于2 m;长三角超采区的地下水漏斗面积已明显减小,相关环境地质问题得到了有效控制。(2)2020年长江流域的地下水资源总量2421.70亿m~3/a,其中山丘区地下水资源量2092.79亿m~3/a,平原区地下水资源量331.35亿m~3/a;地下水储存量较2019年整体略有增加趋势,其中四川盆地最为明显,共增加23.72亿m~3。(3)长江流域的水质上游优于下游,优质地下水主要分布在赣南地区和大别山南麓一带,部分地区水质较差的主要原因是原生劣质水的广泛分布。长江流域地下水开发利用水平整体很低,局部地区由于过往不合理的开发所引发的环境地质问题已得到缓解,岩溶塌陷、地面沉降等问题得到了较好控制。建议适当开发利用赣南地区和大别山南麓一带优质的基岩裂隙水。     

雪宝顶流域钙华景观生态风险评价的研究探讨

景观生态风险评价能够有效地对区域景观格局进行优化并为风险防范提供理论基础。文献计量学分析表明,国内岩溶景观生态风险评价研究主要从“研究对象”、“评价模型”、“评价方法”和“评价指标”4个方面分析;而钙华作为特殊的岩溶体,目前对它的生态风险评价几乎未开展。文章从岩溶景观生态风险评价入手,基于模糊数学综合评判法和层次分析法,提出以地表钙华体与地表水循环作为景观主体,并对主体因素逐步细化,形成多层次综合评价模型,展开对雪宝顶流域钙华景观的生态风险评价。