1990～1995年世界各国（地区）自然灾害对比

世界各国灾情的对比可以反映出当前各国灾害损失状况和减灾能力的强弱。文中利用各种资料收集到９０年代以来的世界各国（地区）自然灾害死亡人数的数据，进行了各种分析研究。文中还问答了中国灾情在世界各国灾情中的地位。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VELOCITY PROFILE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION

I. ON THE INFLUENCING FACTORS OF THE SEDIMENT~LADEN FLOW VELOCITY PROFILEThe influence of sediment on the water--now structures must be considered when thevelocity profile of the sediment--laden now (or turbid flow) is studied. widely usedparameters for reflecting thoses influences are the sediment concentrahon and theffichardson number, where Ri represents the variation of the concentration gradient.Generally, the vertical distributions of sediment concentration and th…     

超声速气流成冰率和冰晶形成机制

在温度为0—12℃并悬浮有雾滴的冷箱中测量了超声速气流的成冰率ρ_(io)结果表明,在马赫数1.1—1.84和总压小于6个大气压范围,ρ_1介于10~(12)-10~(12)g~(-1)。结果还表明,ρ_2随马赫数和总压增大以及环境温度降低而缓慢增加。这些结果与超声速气流膨胀理论所表明的规律相一致。 对冰晶形成机制分析表明,超声速气流中的水汽均质核化(凝结-冻结)是产生冰晶的主要过程。本文指出,超声速气流用于飞机人工影响天气具有价廉、无污染、简便和长距离作业等优点。根据实验提供的数据,发展一种新的人工影响天气新技术是可能的。     

USE OF THE KALMAN FILTER FOR MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION IN A REAL SYSTEM AND ITS COMPARISON WITH CLS AND PURE COMPONENT CALIBRATION METHODS

The usefulness of the Kalman filter as an algorithm for calibration in a real system is shown. Results arecompared with classical least squares and pure component calibration. The prediction of four prioritypollutant chlorophenols in binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures was also carried out by Kalmanfiltering. The condition number, standard deviation and prediction error have been employed to choosethe most suitable wavelength range. Comparison of the standard error of prediction in the validation setshows significant differences between the evaluated chlorophenols, the best results being obtained withKalman multivariate calibration.     

地球磁层顶湍动重联的数值模拟

用二维磁流体力学数值模拟研究了磁层顶的磁场湍动重联．提出了一个新的磁场湍动重联模型．数值模拟表明，如果磁层顶是一个开放系统并同时存在磁场剪切和流场剪切，当雷诺数和磁雷诺数超过某临界数值时，磁场重联具有很强的湍动特性，可产生许多不同尺度的磁岛和涡旋结构．随着雷诺数和磁雷诺数的增大和减小，大尺度结构能破碎成中小尺度结构，小尺度结构也能合并成大中尺度结构．湍动重联是涡旋诱发重联在一定条件下的过渡．依据本文的模拟结果，我们预言：磁层预可发生准定常重联、瞬时局地重联和湍动重联等多种重联过程；大中小不同尺度的结构都可以存在于磁层顶；湍动重联及其所产生的中小尺度结构在太阳风－磁层的能量、动量和质量耦合过程中可起重要作用．     

球体任意堆积的统计几何分析

为了对球体任意堆积的密度作出理论的解析,作者提出,以核心球中心为中心,2R为半径,作一个包裹球的数学模型。在包裹球中被包裹的有核心球、与核心球相切的球和次近邻球。后两种球被包裹的部分是双凸透镜体。这两种球数之和是最大配位数。最大配位数可以从包裹球面积与相切球在包裹球面上投影面积的比值得到。在此基础上,通过统计几何分析方法,可以计算出等大球和非等大球各种任意堆积时的密度常数,计算值与实验值符合得很好。并且证明二元非等大球任意堆积在球径比上有一阈值0.70,大于此值可视为等大球,小于此值堆积密度会逐渐增加,计算的变化曲线与实验曲线完全重合。从而得出结论,包裹球的数学模型是非常合理的。     

中国地区地磁异常静日（AQD）的初步分析

本文将G.M.Brown等人对离S_q电流体系焦点较远处台站的异常静日（AQD）的H分量分析,发展为对包括S_q电流体系焦点附近台站和Z、D分量在内的AQD分析。主要分析了中国五个地磁台D、H、Z三要素静日最大值和最小值出现时间的分布,及其季节变化和逐年变化规律。结果表明,D、Z也有和H类似的AQD现象,其出现的年频度,也有与太阳黑子数反相变化的趋势。在有三个多太阳周资料的佘山台,太阳极小年AQD(Z_max)出现的频度,和随后的太阳极大年的黑子数R呈近似线性的关系。最后,本文对今后我国开展变化磁场的分析研究提出了建议。     

Sub-surface temperature oscillations and associated flow in the western Bay of Bengal

Unusual temperature variations at subsurface depths were noticed while making continuous observations (for 13 h) on temperature, salinity and currents at a point in the vicinity of river Krishna in the western Bay of Bengal. Sharp temperature oscillations recorded at four different levels between 14 and 20·1 m had an average periodicity of about 1·6 h. Similar periodicities were also observed in the case of flow components. Computed Brunt-Vaisälä frequency, vertical shear and Richardson number showed remote possibilities of vertical mixing occurring in this area. These oscillations showed features of internal waves propagating with a speed of about 13·3 cm s⁻¹ and wavelengths between 0·8 and 1·3 km and apparently generated as a result of flood current passing over a submarine obstacle in the presence of stratification.     

海带单倍体无性繁殖系育苗技术的研究

海带(Laminaria japonica)是一种经济褐藻,它的用途很广,在医药、食品、化工等方面都有广泛的应用.它是海洋生物中含碘量最高的一种,食用海带可以补碘,治疗甲状腺肿大病.我国是一个拥有十几亿人口的大国,当前约4亿多人口严重缺碘,因此海带养殖是关系到国计民生的大事.多年来在国内外人工养殖的藻类中,海带的产量一直居于首位.我国海带的年产量现已达30万t多干品[1],是海水养殖的支柱产业之一.养殖业的发展必须有充足、优质的苗源做保障,因此先进稳定的人工育苗技术至关重要.我国现在普遍采用的海带人工育苗技术创建于20世纪50年代,即“夏苗培育法”.     

Two-range scaling for tip vortex cavitation inception

The suggested scaling concept for cavitation inception index takes into account boundary layer separation caused by tip vortices, as well as difference in dependencies of boundary layer thickness on Reynolds number for laminar and turbulent boundary layer. Provided asymptotic analysis gives two scaling laws with different values of power for high and low Reynolds numbers. Deduced values correspond well to known experimental data.