沈阳城区一次暴雨过程的水汽条件分析

利用Micaps实况资料、东北区域中尺度数值模式分析场资料和常规观测资料,对2013年8月16日沈阳城区暴雨的水汽条件进行了分析。结果表明：850 hPa以下城区上空水汽含量占整层的80％以上,地面比湿呈现快速增加后减少的变化,比湿峰值对应的并不是强降水的最强时刻。强降水发生前,城区地面周围的湿度分布不均匀,水汽输送主要以南北向为主。比湿的迅速增加主要是由于降水前风向和风速的快速变化,其中主要是南风分量的贡献。城区上空垂直方向上水汽主要是850 hPa向上输送,850 hPa以下输送强度逐渐减弱。伴随着强降水的开始,水汽的垂直输送转为高度层越低,输送强度越大。强降水发生时,地面U、V方向上水汽通量快速减小。强降水发生后,地面和高空水汽输送均发生了变化。大气可降水量与降水量之间具有一定的对应关系,可降水量的大小主要是取决于水平水汽通量辐合的大小,水汽局地变化对可降水量的贡献较小。水汽通量的辐合、辐散的大小主要取决于水平风场引起的辐合、辐散的大小。     

Characteristics of freshly deposited sand and finer sediments along an island-braided, gravel-bed river: The roles of water, wind and trees

Over the past two decades there has been a growing interest in the geomorphological mosaic along large floodplain rivers where channel dynamics are seen to drive habitat-patch creation and turnover and to contribute to high biological diversity. This has required a new perspective on fluvial geomorphology that focuses on biological scales of space and time. This study examines the spatial pattern of surface fine sediment accumulations along a reach of a large gravel-bed river, the Tagliamento River in NE Italy; an area with a moist Mediterranean climate and seasonal flow regime. The study investigates changes in sediment characteristics during the summer low-flow period between April and September. Focussing on five areas representing a gradient from open, bar-braided to wooded island-braided morphologies, the paper demonstrates the importance of riparian vegetation and aeolian–fluvial interactions.Significant contrasts in particle size distributions and organic content of freshly deposited sand and finer sediments were found between sampling areas, geomorphological settings, and sampling dates. In particular, wooded floodplain and established islands supported consistently finer sediment deposits than both open bar surfaces and the lee of pioneer islands, and in September significantly finer sediments were also found in deposits located in the lee of pioneer islands than on open bar surfaces. Overall, the September samples had a greater variability in particle size characteristics than those obtained from the same sites in April, with a general coarsening of the D₅ (φ) (i.e., the coarse tail of the particle size distribution). Also in September, crusts of fine sediment (30 μm < D₅₀ < 64 μm) had formed on the surface of some of the open bar and pioneer island deposits within the more open sampling areas along the study reach. These crusts possessed similar particle size characteristics to aeolian crusts found in more arid environments. They were significantly finer than April samples and September subcrust samples obtained from the same sites and had similar particle size characteristics to some samples taken from wooded floodplain, established island surfaces and the lee of pioneer islands that were not crusted.Local climatological and river level data confirm significant wind and rainfall events during a period of consistently low river levels between the April and September sampling periods. These support deflation, deposition and rain wash of finer sediment during the summer, with windblown sediments being deposited on bar surfaces and in the lee of pioneer islands where wood and young trees provide foci for accelerated sedimentation and island growth as well as on marginal floodplains and established islands. We conclude that along braided rivers in moist settings but with a distinct dry season, aeolian reworking of sediment deposits may have a more important role in driving habitat dynamics than previously considered.     

Relationship between dynamics of litterfall and riparian plant species in a tropical stream

We investigated the dynamics of organic matter and type of detritus in a riparian zone of the Atlantic Rain Forest domain, and specifically determined the inputs and stock of detritus contributed by plant species, and their relationship to temperature and precipitation. Our hypotheses tested were: (1) the species composition of riparian vegetation influences the amount and type of detritus delivered to a stream in an Atlantic Rain Forest, and (2) the dynamics of litterfall in the riparian zone is influenced by climate factors. The plant community was formed principally by pioneer and early successional species such as Apuleia leiocarpa, Erytrina velutina, Erytrina verna, Eucalyptus torelliana, Ficus glabra, Ficus insipida, Guarea guidonea, Guarea guidonia, Maprounea guianensis and Psidium guajava. There was a large number of G. guidonea (318 individuals/ha), followed by Cupania oblongifolia (91), Trichilia pallida (52), Piptadenia gonoacantha (26) and E. torelliana (14). G. guidonea contributed >50% of the total litterfall; however, some species which were present in high density in the plant community and did not yield significant biomass, indicating that detritus production was based on the contribution of a few species. We found 697, 856 and 804 g/m²/year from vertical, terrestrial, and lateral inputs, respectively, whereas to the annual benthic standing stock was 3257 g/m². Detritus was formed by leaves (60%), branches (32%), reproductive parts (3%), and unidentifiable fragments of organic-matter (5%). Inputs and benthic stock were markedly seasonal, with an increase of leaf litter during the dry season. Our results indicate that litterfall dynamics is basically composed of a few species that contribute with higher values of biomass. Moreover, ecological characteristics together with environmental factors can be viewed as the principal factors determining the energy balance of riparian ecosystems. The biological implications of the dynamics of organic matter have high importance for the maintenance and restoration of riparian zones. However, the amount of litterfall required to maintain the balance of the riparian community remains unclear in the tropical zone.     

2009年深冬辽宁雨转暴雪和大雪过程对比分析

针对辽宁2009年2月中旬旬初雨转暴雪过程和旬末大雪过程,利用常规观测资料和NCEP 10×10 逐6 h分析资料,从环流形势、影响系统、水汽和动力条件及热力结构等方面入手,对这两次过程进行对比分析。结果表明：这两次过程在许多方面显著不同。两次过程均发生在乌山阻高稳定的形势下,均受中纬度东移的中尺度低值系统影响,但雨转暴雪过程中高纬度为两脊一槽型,中纬度短槽与南支低槽结合携强冷空气东移,与低空急流在辽宁上空交汇。大雪过程为东低西高型,中纬度气旋性波动东移,切变线北抬过程中与西南暖湿气流作用影响辽宁。两次过程均发生在600 hPa以下相对湿度为80%以上的大气中,均具有低层辐合高层辐散的特征和深厚的上升运动,但雨转暴雪过程水汽含量更高,辐合层更深厚、强度更强,垂直速度较大雪过程大一个量级;两次过程都有明显的风垂直切变特征,但雨转暴雪过程发生在风垂直切变迅速增大的条件下,大雪过程风垂直切变相对稳定;雨转暴雪过程降水随湿位涡的发展而增强,两者有较好的对应关系,而大雪过程湿位涡表现微弱;雨转暴雪过程槽前0 ℃层达到850 hPa,槽后各层温度迅速下降至0 ℃以下,而大雪过程整层温度始终在0 ℃以下。     

Comparison of the Bright Band Characteristics Measured by Micro Rain Radar （MRR） at a Mountain and a Coastal Site in South Korea

Data from a long term measurement of Micro Rain Radar (MRR) at a mountain site (Daegwallyeong,DG, one year period of 2005) and a coastal site (Haenam, HN, three years 2004–2006) in South Korea were analyzed to compare the MRR measured bright band characteristics of stratiform precipitation at the two sites. On average, the bright band was somewhat thicker and the sharpness (average gradient of reflectivity above and below the reflectivity peak) was slightly weaker at DG, compared to those values at HN. The ...     

阳泉市主汛期极端气候事件演变特征

利用1972年-2008年阳泉6月-8月的珏最高气温、降水量、风和天气现象等观测资料,分别统计了高温、暴雨、冰雹、雷暴和大风等极端气候事件发生的概率及分布特点,以期为探索阳泉气候变化的规律和研究方法做出较好的尝试.     

中国南方2008年1月罕见低温雨雪冰冻灾害发生的原因及其与气候变暖的关系

2008年1月中国南方发生的低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害不是一个局地或地区性现象,它是同期发生的亚洲大范围冰雪灾害链中的一环,在影响范围和灾害程度上是最严重的一环.它有3个主要特征:(1)降雪、冻雨和降雨3种天气并存,冻雨是导致南方致灾的主要原因;(2)低温、雨雪、冻雨天气强度大,根据中国国家气候中心和南方各省气象部门的统计及分析,有8项气象要素打破同期中国历史记录;(3)低温、雨雪、冰冻天气持续时间长,破历史记录.这次低温、雨雪冰冻灾害形成的原因不是单一的,是多种因素在同一时段,同一地区相互配合和迭加的结果,其中La Nina事件是灾害发生的气候背景,它为雨雪冰冻天气提供了冷空气侵袭中国南方的前提条件;欧亚大气环流异常持续性是造成冷空气不断侵袭中国南方的直接原因;孟加拉湾和南海地区暖湿气流的北上是大范围冻雨和降雪形成并持续在中国南方的必要条件.     

青海一次春季透雨降水过程的云物理结构分析

2001年5月23日青海省的一次透雨过程基本解决了春旱问题.此次降水预报准确,开展了飞机人工增雨作业,同时利用一架科研探测飞机对降水云层进行较系统的云微物理特征探测.探测结果表明"5·23"透雨过程中,降水云系在降水形成发展阶段有分层现象,上层云云水含量较下层大,云粒子浓度大,水汽主要由较高层的系统输送,由于青藏高原特有的下垫面条件,云系的发展变化较快.云粒子谱分析表明,降水云系生成阶段,云粒子谱不连续,呈间断分布或呈浓度有多峰的特征,降水云系成熟后云粒子谱明显增宽,且浓度增加一个以上数量级.云系的不同发展阶段降水云系的粒子二维特征也有不同.     

暴雨信号发布思路

深圳2000年4月份出现了4次暴雨和大暴雨，其中“4.14”为打破历史纪录的特大暴雨。深圳市气象台所发布的黄、红、蓝色暴雨信号是历史上次数最多，最频繁之一。本文通过对这几次不同量级的暴雨过程中暴雨信号发布情况以及短期天气预报和云图、雷达和自动站等中尺度资料在暴雨预警信号发布中所发挥作用的分析，总结发布暴雨信号的发布思路；并得到十分有益的经验。     

2000年首场特大暴雨过程浅析

本文从天气形势的角度出发，对本次特大暴雨过程进行分析，并统计了物理量场的分布，得到较好的对应关系。在此基础上，结合数值预报产品，对前汛期暴雨的预报提出一些粗浅的看法。