马尼拉海湾和莱城港湾的辐射状况

本文利用在马尼拉海湾和莱城港湾考察所获得的少量辐射资料,分析了该两地区辐射各量值的日变化特征和地区差异。揭示了海(港)湾水面及其紧邻海岛陆面的辐射特征差异。这些信息很可能有助于上述地区海洋大气间热量交换的分析计算。     

地闪回击的微秒级辐射场特征及近地面连接过程分析

利用１μｓ时间分辨率的慢天线电场变化仪在甘肃中川地区雷暴过程中测量得到的大量地闪辐射波形地地闪回击辐射场特征及回击的慢前沿过程进行分析,发现１８次正地闪和８５次负地闪产在周前沿过程上升时间为１９．２μｓ和９．４μｓ,８４次负地闪继后回击的前沿过程为４．３ μｓ。ＹＹ ＵＤＡ Ｏ ３．１μ;     

Radiative Effects on Temperature in the Stable Surface Layer

The interaction between longwave radiation and temperature fluctuations plays a role in the dissipation of temperature variance. This interaction is most easily described by spectral models of atmospheric turbulence and a spectral radiative dissipation function which gives the intensity of the damping at each radiative wavelength and wavenumber k. We have used a Corrsin–Pao closure for the spectral budgets of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature to study the coupling of radiation to turbulence. The spectral radiative dissipation function and a related integral have been fitted by analytical approximations with the correct asymptotic behavior. This resulted in a simple analytical formula for the dimensionless temperature spectrum as a function of Monin-Obukhov stability, and a new dimensionless parameter describing the relative importance of radiation in the temperature spectral budget. The radiative effects both on the temperature spectrum and on the dimensionless temperature variance can then be calculated. Based on typical values of the radiative dimensionless parameters for the surface layer, we conclude that radiative dissipation is probably negligible there.     

卫星遥感海南岛气候特性的研究

利用NOAA极轨气象卫星的AVHRR资料,研究了海南岛干、湿两季在无云情况下的下垫面短波反射率、植被指数、下垫面温度和射出长波辐射的分布及变化特征。结果表明利用气象卫星资料可以较详细地了解气候形成的主要因素之一——下垫面状况。     

雨季前后珠峰地区近地层气象要素、辐射及能量平衡分量变化特征

利用架设在珠峰北坡4475m高度处的一套开路涡动协方差测量系统,对曲宗地区的大气状况进行了连续观测.分析了近地层气象要素、辐射平衡各分量和能量平衡各分量在高原雨季前(5月),雨季中(7月)和雨季后(11月)的变化特征.通过分析,发现曲宗地区气温和相对湿度日平均变化均呈单峰单谷型特征,气压则呈双峰双谷型特征,风速日变化为单峰型特征,风速一般在午后突然增大.伴随着雨季的爆发,曲宗地区气温升高,相对湿度增大,气压升高,风速减小.主导风向由东北风转换成西南风.雨季前后,辐射平衡各分量及能量平衡各分量均具有明显的变化趋势.     

Vorticity budget investigation of a simulated long-lived mesoscale vortex in South China

A vorticity budget investigation is performed using the output data from a numerical simulation of a typical MCV (mesoscale convectively generated votex) case in South China. Results suggest that the divergence caused by convection in the low troposphere is the main producer of positive vorticity, while vertical vorticity transferred by the tilting term from the horizontal vorticity compensates the upward output of cyclonic vorticity. Scale analyses of the vorticity equation suggest that the advection of planetary vorticity can be neglected owing to the low latitude, which is different from the larger scale systems in high latitude areas. In addition, the distribution of relative vorticity tendency on pressure level is not uniform. A vortex will move along the vector from the negative to the positive vorticity tendency region. The mechanism of the phenomenon-that nearly all of the convectively ascending region is located southward/southeastward of the vortex center-is also discussed. Convergence with regard to latent heat release would be in favor of the spin-up of meso-vortex, however, the horizontal vorticity caused by windshear is tilted by vertical motion due to convection. Consequently, the negative and positive vorticity tendencies are located symmetrically about the convective center, which suggests that the vortex southward movement is dynamically driven by convection.     

城市下垫面反照率变化对北京市热岛过程的影响——个例分析

随着城市的不断发展,城区地表反照率等下垫面物理特征和属性会发生明显的变化,进而会对城市热岛等大气环境形成影响.文中使用中国气象科学研究院开发的新一代数值天气预报模式(GRAPES),针对2004年10月北京一次重空气污染事件中的典型城市热岛过程,分别设计了两种数值试验方案(1) 对照试验,使用模式缺省的城区下垫面反照率参数,取值0.18;(2) 敏感性试验,参考同期中国科学院大气物理研究所铁塔280 m高度下垫面反照率观测事实,将北京区域城市类型下垫面反照率减小至0.15.通过对比两种试验方案在1 km水平分辨率下的24 h模拟结果,研究了城市下垫面反照率变化对北京地区城市热岛过程的影响.结果表明(1) GRAPES模式可成功模拟此次热岛过程中城区和郊区近地面温度的日变化趋势;(2)城市下垫面反照率的变化对城市热岛的发展非常重要,城市反照率下降0.03会使城市热岛强度增强0.8 ℃左右,结果也更接近实况.这说明随着城市发展引起的地表反照率减小有利于城市热岛强度增加;(3) 通过分析地表的长波辐射发现,在城市区域较小反照率情形下,城区的长波辐射始终比郊区大,有利于热岛的形成;同时也有利于城区近地层的风场辐合增加,对此次污染过程的发展是有利的.     

紫外线辐射强度预报

根据本站逐日总辐射观测资料，计算出紫外线辐射量，然后反查出该量与地面天气要素问的关系，从而根据每天的气象要素预报作出紫外线辐射强度预报。     

CMIP6与CMIP5对历史大气层顶和地表辐射收支模拟的时空对比

基于云和地球辐射能量系统观测数据集（CERES),对比分析了耦合模式比较计划第五（CMIP5）和第六阶段（CMIP6）模拟的历史大气层顶和地表辐射收支的年际变化和空间分布,明确了多模式间不确定性大的关键区域。结果表明：在年际尺度上,除地表向上长波辐射外,CMIP6的辐射分量的集合均值较CMIP5更接近于CERES观测值,全球地表向下短波辐射的高估和大气逆辐射的低估在CMIP6中分别降低了1.9 W/m²和3.3 W/m²。除大气逆辐射外,CMIP6的辐射分量在多模式间的一致性较CMIP5提高。在北极,CMIP6对大气层顶反射短波、大气层顶出射长波和地表向下短波辐射的模拟偏差较CMIP5大。在南北纬60°,CMIP6对大气逆辐射的模拟偏差较CMIP5大。其他区域CMIP6的辐射分量更接近CERES观测值。CMIP6模拟的地表向下短波辐射和大气逆辐射的不确定性较大区域面积较CMIP5减小,但不确定性极大区域面积无变化。地表净辐射的不确定性空间分布在两代CMIP间变化甚小。青藏高原、赤道太平洋、热带雨林、阿拉伯半岛和南极洲沿海依然是地球系统模式模拟辐射收支不确定性极大的关键区域。     

Processing and quality control of flux data during LITFASS-2003

Different aspects of the quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) of micrometeorological measurements were combined to create a comprehensive algorithm which was then applied to experimental data from LITFASS-2003 (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain—Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a long term Study). Eddy-covariance measurements of the latent heat flux were the main focus of the QA/QC efforts. The results of a turbulence sensor intercomparison experiment showed deviations between the different eddy-covariance systems on the order of 15%, or less than 30 W m⁻², for the latent heat flux and 5%, or less than 10 W m⁻², for the sensible heat flux. In order to avoid uncertainties due to the post-processing of turbulence data, a comprehensive software package was used for the analysis of experimental data from LITFASS-2003, including all necessary procedures for corrections and quality control. An overview of the quality test results shows that for most of the days more than 80% of the available latent heat flux data are of high quality so long as there are no instrumental problems. The representativeness of a flux value for the target land-use type was analysed using a stochastic footprint model. Different methods to calculate soil heat fluxes at the surface are discussed and a sensitivity analysis is conducted to select the most robust method for LITFASS-2003. The lack of energy balance closure, which was found for LITFASS-2003, can probably be attributed to the presence of low-frequency flux contributions that cannot be resolved with an averaging time of 30 min. Though the QA/QC system has been developed for the requirements of LITFASS-2003, it can also be applied to other experiments dealing with similar objectives.