Paleophytochemical Constituents from the Pliocene Fossil Wood of Pinus Armandii from Longling,Yunnan

Specimens of fossil wood preserved lignified in Pliocene brown coal and identified as Pinus armandii Francher come from an opencast coalmine at Longling in western Yunnan Province, China. Phytochemical investigation of the fossil wood isolated using liquid column chromatography seven compounds （1-7） including a new fluorene derivative named 11,11-dimethyl-11H-benzo[b]fluorene. A further 28 volatiles were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Spectroscopic investigation methods, including MS and 1D and 2D-NMR techniques elucidated the structure of the seven compounds. Two types of natural products, isopimara and stilbene commonly occuring in extant and Pliocene fossil P. armandii indicate phytochemical fidelity during burial under certain circumstances in sediments. Discovery of stilbenes that can inhibit the activities of wood-destroying fungi in the Pliocene P. armandii prompts the assumption that the chemical preservation of this Pliocene fossil wood of P. armandii in brown coal might contribute to the presence of inner natural inhibitors against wood-destroying fungi.     

Paleophytochemical Constituents from the Pliocene Fossil Wood of Pinus Armandii from Longling, Yunnan

Specimens of fossil wood preserved lignified in Pliocene brown coal and identified as Pinus armandii Francher come from an opencust coalmine at Longling in western Yunnan Province,China. Phytochemical investigation of the fossil wood isolated using liquid column chromatography seven compounds(1-7)including a new fluorene derivative named 11,11-dimethyl-11H-benzo[b]fluorene.A further 28 volatiles were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Spectroscopic investigation methods,including MS and 1D and 2D-NMR techniques elucidated the structure of the seven compounds.Two types of natural products,isopimara and stilbene commonly occuring in extant and Plincene fossil P.armandii indicate phytochemical fidelity during burial under certain circumstances in sediments.Discovery of stilbenes that can inhibit the activities of wood-destroying fungi in the Pliocene P.armandii prompts the assumption that the chemical preservation of this Pliocene fossil wood of P.armandii in brown coal might contribute to the presence of inner natural inhibitors against wood-destroying fungi.     

陕西黄龙树轮年表的建立及其2-3月降水记录

通过两组油松树轮宽度的研究,建立了陕西黄龙地区过去近200 a来的树轮STD、RES、ARS年表,树轮宽度在20世纪20年代有过明显的下降,1929年前后达到年轮宽度最低值,与历史记载的自民国11年以来连续干旱时期相吻合(1922-1932年).经过相关函数、响应函数分析,发现树轮宽度与生长季当年2-3月降水显著正相关,在此基础上设计了转换方程,重建了过去200 年来黄龙地区早春2-3月降水历史,重建序列的解释方差为44.3%(F=16.298,p<0.001).功率谱分析检测到2-3月降水存在7.69、6.90、6.06、5.13、5.00、4.88、4.65、2.02、2.00 年的周期.     

不同类型防护林中樟子松的构型特征分析

 影响植物枝系构型的因素有各级分枝长度、各级分枝角度、枝径比、逐步分枝率和总体分枝率等。采用枝系构型的理论和方法,对甘肃民勤不同类型防护林中樟子松的分枝构型特征进行研究。结果表明：①不同类型防护林中的樟子松分枝格局有较大的差异,主要表现在分枝长度、分枝率等变化明显;②不同类型防护林中樟子松在不同部位处的分枝格局也存在一定的差异性,劣势类型Ⅰ的中下部枝条占优势,优势类型Ⅱ、中间类型Ⅲ以中上部枝条占优势,而劣势类型Ⅰ的基部分枝角度大于其他两种类型的;③优势类型防护林中樟子松在距地面不同高度处的分枝长度、分枝角度随高度呈规律性变化,在不同高度处的枝系构型指标以中上部占优势,基部较弱;④通过分枝构型特征研究认为在干旱区营造樟子松防护林以杨树和樟子松株间混交效果较好,杨树与樟子松行间混交效果较差,樟子松纯林居中。     

赤红壤丘陵水土流失区马尾松纯林改造效益分析

马尾松纯林改造是当前植物生态和林业工作的一项迫切、重要的内容。经赤红壤丘陵水土流失区近６ 年的马尾松、红锥混交试验研究, 发现松、锥混交林在生长量、林地凋落物现存量、林地表层土壤养分含量和含水量、小气候环境, 以及林下植物物种多样性等方面均比纯松林有着明显的改善或提高, 不失为一种适宜南亚热带赤红壤丘陵水土流失区的优良混交形式, 建议在此类地区大力推广种植     

红壤侵蚀区马尾松林碳储量估算的遥感植被指数选择——以长汀河田地区为例

以福建省长汀县河田地区为研究区,在野外样方生物量调查和典型植被光谱测定基础上,对比分析SPOT5影像8种植被指数与马尾松林（Pinus massoniana）碳储量关系,估算区域尺度马尾松林碳储量。结果表明,马尾松林冠层与林下植被芒萁（Dicranopteris dichotoma）在短波红外波段（SWIR）反射率区分明显。加入SWIR的修正的归一化植被指数（MNDVI）与森林碳储量回归决定系数最高,并有较小的均方根误差,同时可减少林下植被覆盖对马尾松林碳储量估算影响。生态恢复驱动下研究区平均碳储量增加到30.37 t/hm²。     

Simulated responses of Pinus halepensis forest productivity to climatic change and CO2 increase using a statistical model

Tree ring chronologies provide long-term records of growth in natural environmental conditions and may be used to evaluate impacts of climatic change and CO₂ increase on forest productivity. This study focuses on 21 Pinus halepensis forest stands in calcareous Provence (in the south-east of France). A chronology of net primary productivity (NPP) both for the 20th century and for each stand was estimated using tree ring data (width and density). The response of each stand to climate in terms of NPP was statistically modelled using response functions. Anomalies between estimated NPP and NPP reconstructed by response functions were calculated to evaluate the fertilising effect of CO₂ increase on tree growth. The changes in anomalies during the 20th century were attributed to the effect of CO₂ increase. A multiplying factor (β) linking CO₂ concentration and stand productivity was then calculated, on the basis of the trend observed during the 20th century. In this study, the value of the β factor obtained under natural conditions (β=0.50) is consistent with those from controlled CO₂ enrichment experiments. Both response functions and the β factor were used to predict NPP changes for a 2×CO₂ scenario. The 2×CO₂ climate was obtained using predictions from Météo France's ARPEGE atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) downscaled to Marseilles meteorological station. NPP increased significantly for nine stands solely when the climatic effect was taken into account. The main factors responsible for this enhancement were increased winter and early spring temperatures. When the fertilising effect of the CO₂ increase was added, NPP was significantly enhanced for 14 stands (i.e. NPP enhancement ranged from 8% to 55%). Although the effects of global change were slightly detectable during the 20th century, their acceleration is likely to lead to great changes in the future productivity of P. halepensis forests.     

树轮中不同有机组分的可迁移性:碳同位素限定

逐轮剥离所取中国红松(Pinuskoraiensis)树盘中最近34a(1958—1991年)的年轮,粉碎后皂化分离出正己烷可溶部分、二氯甲烷可溶部分(沥青质)、不可皂化部分和纤维素,分别测定这四种物质的稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)。虽然最近18~21a期间,前两种物质的碳同位素组成年际变化明显,但与后两种物质的碳同位素组成的正相关均没有达到显著性水平。而18~21a之前所形成树轮的前两种物质的碳同位素组成在碳同位素分析总精度范围内(±0.1‰)不呈现年际变化;与之相反,不可皂化部分和纤维素的碳同位素组成具有明显的年际变化并且在任何阶段均呈现高度显著正相关(如r=0.978,n=34,p<0.001)。这表明可皂化类脂在树轮间是可迁移的,至少经过18~21a的不同年形成的类脂的混合,其碳同位素组成逐步均一化。因此,树轮可皂化类脂的碳同位素组成(恐怕也包括氢、氧同位素组成)不能用来解译过去气候变化,全木因为含有可皂化类脂也不宜作为稳定同位素分析的目标物质。     

中国红松年轮纤维素碳同位素组成对中国东部气温变化的响应

分别逐轮测定两棵中国红松的年轮纤维索碳同位素组成,获得两个长达109a（1880-1988年）的时间序列。合成一个新序列并移去趋势变化后,与同样长度的中国东部年气温变化序列进行交叉相关分析。结果表明树轮碳同位索组成对生长当年之前第二年温度变化具有灵敏响应（r=0．373,n=109,P〈0．1301）。同时,碳同位索组成也与其中一棵树的年轮宽度呈高度负相关（r=-0．390,n=109,P〈0．001）。这一方面揭示了中国红松年轮稳定碳同位素组成序列在重建高分辨率区域性气候变化中的重要作用,也说明树轮碳同位素组成转录气候变化信号的复杂性。     

黄土高原子午岭林区油松林种子雨强度及时空动态特征

通过布设种子收集器（接种框）,对黄土高原子午岭林区的油松密林、油松林缘和单株油松（孤立木）的种子雨强度、种子雨历时、种子散播的时空分布特征进行了分析研究。结果表明：（1）油松林内、林缘、孤立木输入地面的种子总量分别为85.5、191.5、178.0粒·m^-2,不同母树类型种子雨强度有明显差异;（2）油松种子降落从10月初开始,11月初结束,种子雨历时约32 d;种子雨在10 d左右达到峰值;（3）林内种子雨强度有较大的空间异质性,种子分布呈聚集分布格局（扩散系数C=33.618）;（4）种子雨过程中不同类型种子的消长趋势及所占比重不同,完整种子在种子雨初期占有优势,未成熟种子在种子雨后期急剧增加,而残缺种子在整个种子雨过程中占的比重变化不大,完整、未成熟和残缺种子累积总量与种子雨强度呈线性相关;（5）林缘和孤立木的种子雨集中在距母树1～3 m的冠幅范围内,这说明油松种子雨扩散以重力传播为主。