Dendroecological Analysis of Spruce Budworm Outbreaks and their Relation to Climate Near the Prairie-Forest Border in Northwestern Minnesota

This paper investigates the effects of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) on balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and white spruce (Picea glauca) at Itasca State Park in northwestern Minnesota. We studied the species composition, age structure, and radial growth patterns in tree rings along five belt transects at sites infested with spruce budworm. Our objectives were to: (1) discover when the latest spruce budworm outbreak started; (2) determine whether tree growth was similarly reduced in earlier decades, suggesting earlier spruce budworm outbreaks; and (3) test whether radial tree growth and the start of the outbreak(s) were correlated with climate. We used the computer program OUTBREAK to determine that the current spruce budworm infestation began to reduce tree growth in the 1990s, before it was detected by park officials in 2001. The tree-ring record indicated that growth of the host-species trees was periodically reduced at all sites prior to the 1990s. We found no consistent relationship between temperature/precipitation and the initiation of spruce budworm outbreaks, as reconstructed by the OUTBREAK program, at the southwestern edge of the distribution of balsam fir. The Palmer Drought Severity Index, however, was positive (i.e., wetter-than-normal conditions) before increased spruce budworm activity at all sites. Outbreaks are related to climatic conditions, but they also depend on other factors such as the availability of sufficient food for the spruce budworm.     

A 352-year record of summer temperature reconstruction in the western Tianshan Mountains,China, as deduced from tree-ring density

Three robust tree-ring density chronologies were developed for the western Tianshan Mountains of northwestern China. The chronologies were significantly correlated and form a regional chronology (GLD). The GLD had significant and positive correlations with temperature of warm seasons. Based on this relationship, the mean minimum temperatures of May to August were reconstructed using the GLD chronology for the period AD 1657 to 2008. The temperature reconstruction exhibited temperature patterns on interannual to centennial timescales, and showed that the end of the 20th century is the warmest period in the past 352 years. The reconstructed temperature variation has a teleconnection with large-scale atmospheric–oceanic variability and captures long- and broad-scale regional climatic variations.     

祁连山森林内外主要气象因子对比研究

根据<地面气象观测规范>的要求,在祁连山森林内外建立两个相同的地面气象站,对气温、湿度、土壤温度、降水量、蒸发量等因子进行对比研究,采用同期林内外气象因子的差值来分析其差异特征.结果表明:(1)林内平均气温、土壤温度、降水量和蒸发量相对林外明显偏低,但是,林内湿度相对林外偏高;(2)林内温差和湿度变化幅度明显较林外小,从生态环境学的角度揭示了森林小气候功能,为生态环境建设提供决策依据.     

天山北坡西部雪岭云杉海拔梯度生态弹性变化

基于天山北坡西部温泉哈夏林区间隔100m海拔高度采集的雪岭云杉梯度样本的断面积生长量资料,分析该区域树木生态弹性变化。干旱事件是区域生态弹性最主要的干扰因子,高温事件也是干扰因子之一。干扰因子的强度会造成生态弹性梯度特征的变化。在极端干旱年份,哈夏林区梯度生长弹性特征最显著,即中高海拔为强抵抗力和弱恢复力,而低海拔则呈相反态势,并出现生长衰退现象。中旱事件时不同海拔均为强抵抗力和较强的恢复力。高温年份低海拔呈现弱抵抗力和弱恢复力。在发生持续干旱时,不同海拔高度的树木生长均受到遏制,但低海拔衰退强度大于高海拔区域,高海拔区域树木对干旱的适应能力要强于中低海拔。     

A dendroclimatological study of east- and west-facing slopes in mountainous areas subjected to strong air pollution (the Sudetes,Central Europe)

The Sudetes Mountains (Central Europe) were under a particularly intense long-term air pollution load during the 1970s and 1980s. Intense industrial activity in this area led to large-scale forest dieback and reductions in tree growth rates, potentially limiting the use of tree-ring data from this region in dendroclimatic research. In this paper, ring-width chronologies were constructed for 493 Norway spruce trees (Picea abies L. Karst.) from 17 sampling sites within five major mountain ranges in the Sudetes Mountains of Poland. Growth-climate response data indicate that April?July temperatures are the main factor affecting radial growth of trees in the study area. Our data also indicate the strong influence of slope aspect on temperature signal strength. The lowest correlation values were obtained for sites located on western slopes with effective fog deposition, which are strongly affected by pollution. An appropriate sampling strategy resulted in the creation of a temperature-sensitive proxy record (rAMJJ = 0.70), exceptional for areas under strong pressure from human activity. Based on a regional master chronology, growing season (April?July) temperatures over the past 200 years were then reconstructed. Four warm and four cold periods were distinguished and compared with other reconstructions and long-term instrumental data.     

祁连山中东部青海云杉径向生长对气候变暖的响应差异

气候变暖对森林生态系统产生了深刻影响,而树木生长对气候变化做出了不同的响应。本研究利用采自祁连山中、东部不同海拔梯度的青海云杉（Picea crassifolia）树轮样本,分别建立了中部和东部6个树轮宽度年表,分析了树木径向生长与各气候要素的关系以及随时间变化的稳定性。结果表明：祁连山中部青海云杉对降水和scPDSI较东部更为敏感。中部树轮宽度年表与当年5—7月的scPDSI极显著正相关（P<0.001）,东部树轮宽度年表与前一年9月和当年5月scPDSI显著正相关,表明中部LCH区域青海云杉径向生长主要受当年5—7月土壤水分条件的限制;东部XYH区域则受前一年9月和当年5月的土壤水分的限制。20世纪80年代中东部温度显著升高（P<0.001）,中东部树木生长受高温引起的干旱胁迫增强;20世纪90年代以后,由于中部降水增加而东部降水变化不明显,中部树木生长干旱压力得到缓解,东部森林受干旱的限制作用增强。此外,中东部青海云杉与温度、降水和scPDSI的相关关系逐渐趋向一致,未来气候的持续变暖或许将减小中东部树轮-气候关系的差异。     

1671—2006年伊犁尼勒克地区7—8月降水序列的重建与分析

通过对新疆伊犁尼勒克地区3个采点的雪岭云杉树轮宽度标准化年表与尼勒克气象站月降水的单相关普查发现,树轮宽度标准化年表与上年7—8月降水呈显著正相关,且具有明确的树木生理学意义.将树轮宽度标准化年表进行平均得到区域树轮宽度年表,再考虑到上年7—8降水对当年、次年及再次年树木年轮生长的影响,建立区域年表对上年7—8降水的重建方程,重建了1671—2006年336a来的7—8月降水序列,经多方面验证,重建结果是可信的.336a来,尼勒克地区7—8月降水经历了6个偏干阶段和7个偏湿阶段,其中偏湿年数多于偏干年数;最干旱年份为1713年,7—8月降水比多年均值偏少69.4%;最湿润年份为1783年,7—8月降水比多年均值偏多63.5%;7—8月降水长序列变化存在2.0a、2.2a、3.8a、4.9a、9.7a的显著准周期,且在1757年、1852年、1899年前后降水由多向少发生突变,1718年、1778年、1873年前后降水由少向多发生突变,1757年、1778年前后的突变与前人的研究结果相一致.     

祁连山青海云杉林截留对降水的分配效应

为了评估青海云杉林的水源涵养服务功能,选择祁连山西水林区排露沟流域青海云杉林,定位监测了在2006年中共83次降水事件的截留分配效应,观测期降水总量为394.2 mm,林冠截留、茎流和穿透水量分别是139.1、1.96和253.1 mm,林冠截留率、茎流率、穿透率分别为35.28%、0.50%和64.22%,当林外降水量>0.8 mm时才观测到林内穿透雨,而大于13.60 mm时,才观测到树干茎流。林冠对降水的截留分配与降水量、降水形态以及林分特征密切相关。冠层截留量、茎流量和穿透量与降水量均呈正相关,冠层截留率与降水量呈负相关,而茎流率和穿透率呈正相关;林冠对降雪的截留强于降雨,而降雨的穿透量强于降雪,同一降水事件下树干茎流量随着胸径的增大而增加。青海云杉林冠的几何形态结构(枝叶的分布与排列)不利于形成树干茎流。     

基于树轮宽度的伊塞克湖入湖径流量重建与分析

中亚区域气候与水文变化特征及其对全球气候变化的响应重要而复杂,伊塞克湖流域周边山区分布的天山云杉原始森林为揭示区域过去几百年气候水文变化事实和规律提供了良好的载体。本文利用伊塞克湖周边山区4个点的树木年轮宽度、入湖年径流量以及CRU格点气象资料,基于对树轮宽度指数对区域水文和气候要素响应关系分析,利用区域树轮宽度差值年表重建了伊塞克湖355a来的入湖径流量变化历史,二者线性转换方程的方差解释量为30．2％。重建径流量的丰枯阶段变化与天山北坡的玛纳斯河、乌鲁木齐河相对应。但与天山南坡的阿克苏河流域的径流量的低频变化特征不一致,在1850年前的变化趋势相反。空间相关分析发现伊塞克湖流域重建径流量变化能较好地代表中亚天山北坡以及哈萨克斯坦东南部和新疆北部平原区降水变化。此外,还发现了伊塞克湖径流量与北大西洋长周期年代际震荡（AMO）在年代际尺度的同步变化。     

树轮记录的过去384a乌鲁木齐河源7月温度变化

利用采自乌鲁木齐河源上树线跃进桥东采样点的雪岭云杉树轮样本,分析了其年表特征和气候响应特点.结果表明:采样点树轮早材密度标准化年表与和大西沟气象站7月份平均最高温度具有很好的正相关关系.用跃进桥东采样点的早材密度标准化年表序列,可较好地重建乌鲁木齐河源1623-2006年的7月平均最高温度,1959-2006年48 a...