EL NINO EPISODE-RELATED NH 100 hpa CIRCULATION ANOMALY

Investigation is carried out of winter Northern Hemisphere (NH) 100 hpa teleconnection, indicating the existence of a PNA pattern whose wavetrain well resembles that at 500 hpa level. During the climax of the EI Nino episode (winter), the 100 PNA becomes strong, a fact that manifests itself more clearly than at the 500 hpa level. Moreover, study is made of the anomaly in the tropical monthly windfield and mean circulation on a seasonal basis in a range of phases of the EI Nino event. Results show that the 100 hpa geopotential height is lowered on a large scale in the spring and previous winter with the event happening as compared to a La Nina year, wherewith diagnosis is performed of the 1991/1992 EI Nino episode.     

QBO Features of Tropical Pacific wind Stress Field with the Relation to El Nino

Analysis has been implemented of 1970-1992 tropical Pacific wind stress anomaly and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) datasets, indicating that quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of the tropical Pacific WS and SSTA is featured both by a standing and a progressive form, the former emerging in the most intense centers of action and the latter travelling east- or west-ward out of the SSTA sources. Results show that the SSTA is in the warm (cold) phase as zonal component of euqatorial wind stress anomaly gets weakened (reinforced) and the QBO of wind stress anomaly is well related to the El Nino cycle.     

1994年北半球环流特征及其影响

１９９４年北半球主要环流特征表现为：５００ｈＰａ副高明显偏强西伸，盛夏位置异常偏北；欧亚地区盛行伟向环流，北半球极涡向极地收缩，强度偏弱；盛夏东亚中纬地区维持稳定的高压脊，西风带锋区位置偏北；夏季１００ｈＰａ南亚高压强度偏强、位置偏北、东伸明显；热带海洋出现明显异常，一次新的厄尔尼诺事件形成。北半球大气环流和热带海洋的异常对我国天气气候产生了明显影响。     

The Southern Oscillation / Northern Oscillation Cycle Associated with Sea Surface Temperature in the Equatorial Pacific

This paper analyzed the time evolution of the global 1000 hPa height anomalies related to the sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific by using ECMWF data in the period 1979-1988, in which two Pacific warm events, 1982/83 and 1986/787, are included. It is found that there are distinct evidences of eastward propagation of alternate positive / negative height anomalies not only in the tropical South Pacific but also in the tropical North Pacific. The former is associated with the Southern Oscillation (SO) and the latter is associated with the so-called Northern Oscillation (NO).It is noteworthy that the alternate positive / negative anomaly centers associated with SO and NO can be traced back to the middle and higher latitudes of the South Indian Ocean and the East Asian continent respectively, which may be significant for the understanding of the causes and mechanism of SO and NO and for the monitoring of ENSO.Furthermore, these evolution processes have a strong symmetry about the     

地气耦合研究进展简介

简要介绍了近十多年来地气相互作用研究领域所取得的成果,并从整体地球系统的角度探索自然灾害(气象灾害和地震灾害)的成因.在总结和评述过去工作的基础上,提出了地幔对流节律性假说,并利用这一假说解释了板缘地震、地球自转和厄尼诺之间的关系;利用地幔中存在中小尺度对流这一设想并结合绝对涡度守恒原理讨论了板内地震、地热流和旱涝分布之间的联系.最后提出了对今后地气耦合研究工作的一些看法.     

垂直低分辨率GCM模式大气平均经圈环流的诊断

以ＩＡＰ２－Ｌ ＧＣＭ为例，给出垂直低分辨率ＧＣＭ模式大气平均经圈环流质量流函数的一个计算方案，结果表明，模式大气的Ｈａｄｌｅｙ环流季节变化与实际大气相一致。Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ年模式大气平均经圈环流中可分离出一个与Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ型ＳＳＴ异常关系密切的异常经圈环流，它导致平均Ｈａｄｌｅｙ环流向北半球盛夏型转变的滞后。     

Indian summer monsoon and El Nino

The associations between strong to moderate El Nino events and the all-India and subdivisional summer monsoon rainfall is examined for the period 1871 to 1978. The significance of the association is assessed by applying the Chi-square test to the contingency table. The analysis indicates that during 22 El Nino years the Indian monsoon rainfall was mostly below normal over most parts of the country. However, the association between El Nino and deficient rainfall or drought is statistically significant over the subdivisions west of longitude 80°E and north of 12°N. During the five strong El Nino years—1877, 1899, 1911, 1918, and 1972—many areas of India suffered large rainfall deficiencies and severe droughts. There are four moderate El Nino years—1887, 1914, 1953, and 1976—when the suffering was marginal. The relationship between El Nino and the Indian monsoon rainfall is expected to be useful in forecasting large-scale anomalies in the monsoon over India.     

安阳区域性夏季大旱成因分析

利用1957～1998年安阳区域夏季降水资料，确定安阳区域性夏季大旱的标准，分析了大旱成因：东亚沿海低槽较常年异常深厚和偏东以及西太平洋副高异常偏东、偏南和偏弱；当年6～8月太阳黑子相对平均数处于谷点或从谷点开始上升时期；当年春季出现厄尔尼诺或存在厄尔尼诺现象，绝大部分安阳降水偏少或特少，出现干旱或大旱；6～8月西风急流轴异常偏北，也是造成安阳区域性夏季大旱的原因之一。     

下半年Nino3区海表升温对东亚春季大气环流及山东春季降水的影响

通过分析下半年Nino3区(150o~90oW，5oS~5oN)海表温度(SST)升高引起的次年春季500 hPa高度、850 hPa及200 hPa经向风的异常特征，发现下半年Nino3区显著升温，可导致次年春季热带和西北太平洋副热带地区的500 hPa高度场升高，即西太平洋副热带高压偏强、偏西、偏北，东亚大槽偏弱、偏东；巴尔喀什湖至贝加尔湖的高度场降低，即该地区经常有低槽维持；亚洲至西太平洋地区盛行纬向环流。我国东部沿海地区及邻近海域的偏南风加强，而我国东北和华北地区的偏北风偏弱。这种高度场与风场的异常恰与山东4月降水偏多年所对应的异常特征相吻合，即下半年Nino3区显著升温通过影响次年春季大气环流异常，进而影响山东春季降水。资料统计表明，下半年Nino3区显著升温，次年山东及我国中纬度东部地区春季尤其4月的降水往往偏多。     

Investigation of El Niño and La Niña effects and the impact of Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs), on precipitation in Nigeria from 1950 to 1992

Monthly precipitation data from meteorological stations in Nigeria are analysed from 1950 to 1992, in relation to sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The analyses have shed some light on understanding the variability of rainfall anomalies observed in Nigeria for this period. The correlation values between rainfall anomaly indices (RAI) and different meteorological indices are not all significant. Thus, the analyses show some indication that rainfall in Nigeria is associated with El Niño-related circulation and rainfall anomalies. The low correlations between RAI and SST in the Pacific confirm low correlations between rainfall and southern oscillation indices (SOI). SST correlations in the tropical Atlantic suggest that warm surface water in this part of the Atlantic moves the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) southward and away from the SouthEast of Nigeria, indicating less rainfall, while, in SouthWest of Nigeria, the warm surface waters in this part of the Atlantic are likely to be responsible for a more northern position of the ITCZ, which produces more rainfall. The lower correlation in Northern Nigeria may be attributed to its continentality, away from the influence of the sea surface conditions in the Gulf of Guinea and the tropical Atlantic. The drought, or rainfall, cycles in Northern Nigeria are more closely connected to the land surface conditions in the nearby Sahel region.