CFD simulation of airflow over a regular array of cubes. Part II: analysis of spatial average properties

In the first part of this study, results of a computational fluid dynamics simulation over an array of cubes have been validated against a set of wind-tunnel measurements. In Part II, such numerical results are used to investigate spatially-averaged properties of the flow and passive tracer dispersion that are of interest for high resolution urban mesoscale modelling (e.g. non resolved obstacle approaches). The results show that vertical profiles of mean horizontal wind are linear within the canopy and logarithmic above. The drag coefficient, derived from the numerical results using the classical formula for the drag force, is height dependent (it decreases with height). However, a modification of the formula is proposed (accounting for subgrid velocity scales) that makes the drag coefficient constant with height. Results also show that the dispersive fluxes are similar in magnitude to the turbulent fluxes, and that they play a very important role within the canopy. Vertical profiles of turbulent length scales (to be used in k–l closure schemes, where k is the turbulent kinetic energy and l a turbulent length scale) are also derived. Finally the distribution of the values around the mean over the reference volumes are analysed for wind and tracer concentrations.     

0605号台风"格美"在江西致灾的气象成因分析

运用常规观测资料、T213资料等,对0605号台风“格美”的移动路径和暴雨成因进行了分析。分析结果表明,“格美”登陆后虽然强度迅速减弱,但由于其减弱后的低气压环流在江西逗留时间长,所携带的水汽和造成的辐合上升条件足以造成江西出现暴雨天气。通过分析探空、地面加密自动站和闪电定位等资料进一步指出,地面中尺度辐合线、对流不稳定和地形抬升的共同作用,加剧了赣西南局地降雨的强度。由于前期台风“碧利斯”已造成赣州市出现较强降水,赣南土壤含水量、地下水位和江河湖库水位均较高,使得“格美”造成的短时强降雨迅速产生有效径流和汇流,导致局地山洪暴发而致灾。     

弱二次切变流轴对称涡旋演变的解析研究

运用格林函数方法,给出了弱二次切变流轴对称涡旋演变的解析解.结果表明:当环境流中弱二次切变强度增加(减少)时,扰动动能的最大值增加(减小),扰动动能的变化加速(减速);而扰动涡旋的范围对扰动动能的大小与变化也存在一定的影响.     

湿斜压大气中暴雨中尺度系统发展的一种可能机制

根据暴雨中尺度系统发生时的大气运动特征,在绝热、无摩擦条件下,从湿斜压原始方程出发,考虑大气运动的涡度及散度演化不仅受动力场的制约,而且还受到热力场的约束,采用不同于传统研究涡度及散度方程的分析方法,导出了新形式的涡度及散度方程。在此基础上,分析了湿斜压大气中对流层中低层气流旋转与辐合持续增长的动力特征,初步揭示了湿斜压大气中暴雨中尺度系统发展的动力机制。     

一次东北冷涡中对流云带的宏微物理结构探测研究

利用2003年7月8日的东北冷涡中对流云带的飞机穿云观测资料，结合雷达、卫星云图及天气图等资料，详细分析了此次冷涡对流云带的宏观特征、微物理结构，并对降水形成机制进行初步探讨。此次东北冷涡对流云系具有明显的带状水平回波结构，中等强度，垂直尺度小（小于6 km），云过冷液态水含量丰富，最大可达3.3 g/m3，云的上部过冷水含量也达到2.0 g/m3。对流云带的上部存在冰粒子高浓度区，最大值为1062 L-1，出现在5242 m（-6.8℃） 处，这些冰粒子在高过冷水含量区的快速长大对降水产生起到重要作用。云滴直径与云滴浓度在0℃层附近呈现负相关性；通过分析解释了上升气流强的区域有更小的云滴粒子和冰晶粒子的原因，上升气流的作用造成了0℃层以下粒子浓度的积累。在弱上升气流区，2-DC观测的粒子浓度，高浓度区对应小粒子多，低浓度区对应大粒子多。并初步探讨了冷涡对流云带可能存在冰晶繁生过程。     

非线性惯性重力内波的特征及天气意义

对大气非线性惯笥重力内波方程组,利用相平面分析法导出了相应的ＫｄＶ方程。采用直接积分法求出两类有意义的孤立波解,讨论了波解的基本特征,并着重分析了一类奇异孤立波与某些天气系统（如青藏高原５００ｈＰａ低涡）的可能联系。     

Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic vortex in the winter 1995–96: HALOE measurements in conjunction with other observations

Severe chemical ozone loss has been detected in the Arctic in the winter and spring of 1995–96 by a variety of methods. Extreme reductions in column ozone due to halogen catalysed chemistry were derived from measurements of the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite in the Arctic vortex. Here, we discuss further aspects of the HALOE observations in the Arctic over this period. Potential problems, both in the data themselves and in the methodology of the data analysis are considered and the reason for the differences between the Arctic ozone losses deduced from HALOE data version 17 and 18 is analysed. Moreover, it is shown that HALOE measurements in the Arctic in winter and spring 1995–96 compare well with observations by other ground-based and satellite instruments.