Thermal Anomalies and Earthquakes： Evidence from Wenchuan, China

Earthquake prediction is a difficult problem in Earth sciences.Unsuccessful predictions one after another urged people to explore more synthetic and comprehensive methods for earthquake prediction.The Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere(LAI)coupling theory pays great attention to the processes taking place within the near ground layer of atmosphere.It has achieved great results recently,and can enlighten us about the nature of an earthquake's precursor.Based on the NCEP reanalysis dataset,this paper attempts to track the anomalies of the surface's upward long wave radiation flux(ULWRF),the temperature at the depth of 10cm～20cm below ground surface layer(BGL)and the air temperature at 2 meters above ground surface(AIR)around the time of the strong Wenchuan earthquake.Thermal anomalies were observed before and after May 12,2008,the time of the Wenchuan earthquake.Perhaps the thermal anomaly that occurred prior to the earthquake can be taken as indicators of the earthquake,but in view of the complexity of the earthquake phenomena,using thermal anomaly as a precursor should be done with caution.     

利用DEMETER卫星数据分析汶川地震前的电离层异常

DEMETER卫星由法国于2004年6月发射,高度约为665 km,圆轨道且经过极区,其主要目的是研究与地震有关的电离层异常.2008年5月12日6∶28（世界时）在四川省汶川县（31.02°N, 103.37°E）发生了M_s8.0级的特大地震.本文分析了在震前一周内DEMETER卫星观测到的电离层异常.这些异常主要包括：（1）卫星在震前4天和5天经过震中附近时,记录到电子浓度、电子温度和氧离子浓度出现剧烈变化（变化率均超过20%）;（2）在震前3天和7天,卫星探测到增强的电磁辐射.同时利用ELF频段（0~1250 Hz）的三分量电场和磁场数据,对异常电磁辐射作了进一步的分析（计算了电场功率谱、磁场功率谱、波矢方向和极化特性等）.另外,考查了观测期间的地磁指数,由此得出观测到的异常现象不大可能由地磁活动引起.最后,对震前出现的这些电离层异常的可能的物理机理进行了讨论.     

北方玉米冠层光合有效辐射垂直分布及影响因子分析

玉米冠层内光合有效辐射(PAR)的大小直接影响冠层内叶片的光合作用,进而影响玉米净第一性生产力或作物产量的准确评估。为弄清玉米冠层内光合有效辐射的分布规律及其影响因子,基于锦州玉米农田生态系统于2006年生育期的光合有效辐射观测数据和叶面积指数动态观测数据,对玉米冠层光合有效辐射的垂直分布特征及其影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:玉米冠层内不同垂直层次叶片的PAR分布随生育期变化显著,与叶面积指数呈显著的负相关(R2=0.89);玉米冠层光合有效辐射的消光系数K值在生育期呈动态变化,约为0.76,且表现为苗期较大、生育后期较小。分析表明,在进行光合有效辐射及与此密切相关的光合作用模拟时,应考虑消光系数的动态变化。     

盘锦芦苇湿地空气动力学参数动态特征及其影响因素分析

应用盘锦芦苇生态系统观测场的涡度相关通量观测系统和小气候梯度系统的观测资料,估算了芦苇下垫面的空气动力学参数,并分析了其影响因素。结果表明:芦苇湿地零平面位移d和粗糙度Z0的季节变化总体呈现先增加后减少的单峰曲线变化规律。Z0和d均在9月达到最大,分别为0.24 m和1.85 m;12月达到最小,分别为0.03 m和0.02 m。芦苇湿地的Z0和d的季节变化主要受叶面积指数(LAI)、株高(h)及风速的影响。d随h的增加而单调增加,Z0随着h的变化遵循二次曲线,d/h、Z0/h与LAI之间的复相关系数分别为0.99和0.78。研究亦表明,大气稳定度和风向也对d和Z0有一定的影响。     

影响植被内部辐射状况的冠层结构特征研究

植被冠层结构特征是影响植被内部辐射状况的重要因子之一,对于植被群体的光合特性来说,冠层结构特性影响了光合有效辐射的截获、吸收和透射。本文着重分析了冠层结构的数量特征（如叶面积指数）和冠层几何结构特征,综合考虑叶倾角、叶方位角和Ｇ函数等群体几何特征,以便直接用于遥感光合植被生物量机理估测模型的建立。     

Estimating fractional vegetation cover from leaf area index and clumping index based on the gap probability theory

Gap probability theory provides a theoretical equation to calculate fractional vegetation cover (FVC). However, the main algorithms used in present FVC products generation are still the linear mixture model and machine learning methods. The reason to limit the gap probability theory applied in the product algorithm is the availability and accuracy of leaf area index (LAI) and clumping index (CI) products. With the improvement of the LAI and CI products, it is necessary to assess whether the algorithm based on gap probability theory using the present products can improve the accuracy of FVC products. In this study, we generated the FVC estimates based on the gap probability theory (FVCgap) with a resolution of 500 m every 8 days for Europe. FVCgap estimates were validated with field FVC measurements of ImagineS from 2013 to 2015 for crop types. Two existing FVC products, Geoland2 Version1 (GEOV1) and Multisource data Synergized Quantitative remote sensing production system (MuSyQ), were used to inter-compare with the FVCgap estimates. FVCgap estimates showed a better agreement with field FVC measurements, with lowest root mean square error (RMSE) (0.1211) and bias (0.0224), than GEOV1 and MuSyQ FVC products. The inter-annual and seasonal variations of FVCgap estimates were also showed the most consistent with field measurements.     

全球植被年际尺度动态过程的数值模拟及其评估

动态植被模型（Interactive Canopy Model,ICM）中考虑了生态系统碳氮循环过程,能够描述较短时间尺度上的植被与大气之间相互作用过程。利用21 a的GIMMS卫星观测LAI资料,与ICM模拟结果进行年际变率对比分析,评估模型对植被年际变化的模拟性能。结果表明,ICM能在一定程度上反映植被年际变率的空间分布特征,但模拟的热带部分地区植被的年际变率偏小,除此之外大部分地区模拟的年际变率偏大;模拟能够反映出全球植被年际变化的主要空间分布型,同时低纬度地区植被的时间演变特征要好于高纬度地区;ICM对寒带灌丛、北非稀树大草原、落叶针叶林的年际变化模拟较好,但对中国东部农作物的模拟表现出了明显的周期振荡现象,与实际情况差距较大。     

基于冠层反射和植被指数的华东地区叶面指数反演

1 IntroductionLeaf A rea Index (LA I), defined as half the all-sided leaf or needle surface per unit groundsurface (Chen and Black,1992),is an im portantparam eter to quantify leaf density and m onitorvegetation change.A tthe sam e tim e,LA I is also an i…     

遥感提取植物生理参数LAI/FPAR的研究进展与应用

植物生理参数LAI/FPAR是2个重要的陆地特征参量。利用遥感光谱模型并结合地面验证是提取区域尺度的LAI/FPAR最有效的途径。提取LAI/FPAR的模型主要有光谱指数模型和辐射传输模型两类,经过精确的辐射标定和大气纠正的遥感数据可以得到较高精度的LAI/FPAR数据。影响LAI/FPAR精度的因素很多,其中主要因素是像元的异质性、植被类型和物候期等。LAI/FPAR与作物产量有更直接的关系,也是大量作物生长模型的基础,利用这些参数可以实现真实的作物产量预测,特别是开展全球尺度的单产预测。     

Mapping grassland leaf area index with airborne hyperspectral imagery: A comparison study of statistical approaches and inversion of radiative transfer models

Statistical and physical models have seldom been compared in studying grasslands. In this paper, both modeling approaches are investigated for mapping leaf area index (LAI) in a Mediterranean grassland (Majella National Park, Italy) using HyMap airborne hyperspectral images. We compared inversion of the PROSAIL radiative transfer model with narrow band vegetation indices (NDVI-like and SAVI2-like) and partial least squares regression (PLS). To assess the performance of the investigated models, the normalized RMSE (nRMSE) and R² between in situ measurements of leaf area index and estimated parameter values are reported. The results of the study demonstrate that LAI can be estimated through PROSAIL inversion with accuracies comparable to those of statistical approaches (R² = 0.89, nRMSE = 0.22). The accuracy of the radiative transfer model inversion was further increased by using only a spectral subset of the data (R² = 0.91, nRMSE = 0.18). For the feature selection wavebands not well simulated by PROSAIL were sequentially discarded until all bands fulfilled the imposed accuracy requirements.