哈萨克斯坦麦卡因矿床火山岩地球化学、U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素及意义

麦卡因大型VMS型Au-Ag-Cu-Zn-Pb矿床位于中哈萨克斯坦西北部的Baidaulet-Akbastau地区。地质剖面测量和岩石薄片研究表明,麦卡因矿区发育中基性火山岩(玄武岩和安山岩)和次火山岩(辉绿-辉长岩和辉绿岩),矿化主要与安山岩有关。对矿区火山岩地球化学分析表明,矿区岩石分为两种类型:类型Ⅰ为拉斑-钙碱性系列中基性火山岩(玄武岩和安山岩)和次火山岩(辉绿-辉长岩和辉绿岩),岩石具平坦的稀土配分模式,亏损Nb和富集Th/Yb,显示俯冲特点;类型Ⅱ为钙碱性系列安山岩,具典型的右倾型稀土配分模式,亏损Nb和富集Th/Yb,指示其形成于岛弧环境。含矿岩石为类型Ⅱ安山岩。对类型Ⅱ安山岩进行了锆石Lu-Hf同位素和SIMS U-Pb年龄分析,结果表明,锆石εHf(t)为较高的正值(+4.28~+14.84),指示其是地幔物质部分熔融的产物,锆石SIMS U-Pb年龄为459.1±4.8Ma,指示其成岩年龄属于晚奥陶世。因此,哈萨克斯坦麦卡因大型VMS型矿床含矿火山岩为钙碱性系列安山岩,形成于晚奥陶世岛弧环境。对比研究认为,哈萨克斯坦早古生代波谢库尔-成吉思斑岩型-VMS型成矿带向东延伸到我国西准噶尔沙尔布提山,沙尔布提山具有形成VMS型矿床的岩浆条件和构造环境。     

哈萨克斯坦旅华客源市场特征与拓展分析

自中国与哈萨克斯坦建交以来,双方逐渐深化和拓展合作领域。两国推进中方丝绸之路经济带建设同哈方"光明之路"新经济政策的对接,更加注重旅游等人文交流合作领域。因此,研究哈萨克斯坦旅华客源市场具有十分重要的现实意义。本文以连续多年的统计数据为基础,研究哈萨克斯坦游客的入境旅游优势,并从历史发展阶段、人口统计学特征、人均消费与平均停留时间、人均消费构成、入境方式、年内时间分布规律、在华空间分布和出境流向等八个方面分析哈萨克斯坦旅华客源市场特征,并得出相应结论。文章最后从创新旅游合作领域、丰富游客入境条件和进行旅游宣传推广三方面为两国市场拓展提出建议。     

哈萨克斯坦环巴尔喀什斑岩铜矿地质与成矿背景研究

中哈萨克斯坦位于中亚造山带中部,是中亚型造山带及中亚斑岩铜矿成矿域的重要组成部分,已发现数十个大型和超大型矿床,成群成带分布。主要的斑岩铜矿类型有斑岩铜-金矿、斑岩铜矿、斑岩铜钼矿,大多具同期火山岩。已建立的热液蚀变分带模式具有碱性蚀变和酸性蚀变两个阶段,已有的硫铅同位素数据表明成矿物质来源于深部。该地区的斑岩铜矿形成与多阶段构造演化有关,早古生代的斑岩铜矿与岛弧演化的早阶段有关,而晚古生代的斑岩铜矿与泥盆纪火山—岩浆弧、石炭纪—二叠纪的火山—岩浆弧有关。从中哈萨克斯坦的北西向南东方向,斑岩铜矿的形成时代逐渐变年轻。虽然经过数十年的研究,但该地区的有关斑岩铜矿的精细时空结构仍未建立。因此,含矿斑岩体与蚀变矿化年龄的精确测定、区域成矿地球动力学背景及其演化、斑岩铜矿的精细时空结构、与中国邻区的构造—岩浆—成矿带的连接对比将是以后的研究方向。     

哈萨克斯坦古河道砂岩型S铀矿床成矿特征

文章应用活化构造成矿理论,对哈萨克斯坦古河道砂岩型S铀矿床进行成矿特征分析,并与层间氧化带砂岩型Ⅰ矿床的成矿特征进行对比,认为S铀矿床成矿受大地构造、古潜水成矿作用、层位和岩性岩相、断裂构造及岩浆岩等控制,铀成矿具有多阶段复成因的特点。据此,从对企业生产的角度提出一些建议。     

哈萨克斯坦斑岩铜矿地质-成因模式

简述了哈萨克斯坦斑岩铜矿的成矿特征并划分出3种类型,分别为次生石英岩化-泥化斑岩铜矿--科翁腊德(коунрадский)型;黄铁细晶岩化-粘土化斑岩铜矿--阿尔马林(алмалинсий)型;青磐岩化细脉浸染型斑岩铜矿--博萨库里(бозшакольский)型.其中,科翁腊德型最靠近地表,阿尔马林型居中,博萨库里型最深.对各类型铜矿的基本特征进行了概述.     

全球土地覆被数据集中哈萨克斯坦草地分布的异同及其成因

受社会制度变迁和气候变化的影响,哈萨克斯坦是中亚地区生态退化和草畜矛盾问题最为突出的国家。近百年来,放牧方式的改变、农业开垦的占用、加之暖干化的气候变化影响,使得哈萨克斯坦各类草地生态系统变化的时空格局具有鲜明的特点。因此,研究哈萨克斯坦草地退化的过程与机制对认识中亚地区草地生态系统对气候变化和人类活动的响应尤为重要,也是对绿色丝路建设过程中区域生态可持续发展的科学支撑。土地覆被数据是生态变化研究的基础数据,但目前广泛使用的各套全球数据集间往往存在很大的差异,这会导致对生态变化成因的认知以及对未来变化的模型模拟产生更大的不确定性。本研究从对草地类型识别的定义、空间分布的一致性和空间分布差异的原因3方面对比5类全球土地覆被数据（UMD 1992-1993、MCD12Q1 2001、GLC 2000、CCI-LC 2000、Glob Cover 2005）中哈萨克斯坦草地分布的异同,以期为哈萨克斯坦的相关研究中土地覆被数据集的选择提供依据。研究结果表明：① 分类系统中对草地类型的界定、遥感数据源、辅助分类数据、分类方法、验证数据和方法的不同是5套数据草地资源分布差异的主要原因,其中MCD12Q1数据与其他4套数据的草地分布面积相差最大;② 5套数据中草地分布都重叠（完全一致）或四套数据重叠（高度一致）的区域仅占39.66%,主要位于哈萨克斯坦典型草原带和部分半荒漠草原带;围绕典型草地分布区,空间一致性由内向外逐渐降低。5套数据完全不一致区域占26.78%,主要位于荒漠草原带;③ CCI-LC2000数据与其他几类数据的重叠区域最高,有76%的草地与5套数据的完全一致以及高度一致区重叠;在分布不一致区域中,极易造成混淆的土地覆被类型主要为旱作耕地、灌溉耕地、耕地与自然植被镶嵌体、裸地以及灌丛。     

The Circle of Hydro-Hegemony between riparian states,development policies and borderlands: Evidence from the Talas waterscape (Kyrgyzstan-Kazakhstan)

Since the 1990s, transboundary water management has come to play a key role both in global environmental politics debates and in the shaping of international development policies, specifically in the Global South. As a consequence, a growing body of literature in the framework of critical hydropolitics has emerged reflecting on the role that power, discourses, and strategies play in shaping transboundary water policies and in influencing riparian relations. The focus on a state-centric perspective, however, often has led to neglect of the role of international development actors in shaping these policies. Through a critical application of the Circle of Hydro-Hegemony (CHH) and ethnographic qualitative field research in borderlands, this contribution aims to analyse how the establishment of a development initiative known as the Chu-Talas Commission, supported by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and other donors, has influenced and shaped transboundary water politics in the Talas waterscape, which is shared by Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. The evidence shows that despite the international narration of the Chu-Talas Commission as a success story for water cooperation in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, through the deployment of both material and bargaining power strategies, has been able to shape UNECE development policies in its favour, impose its agenda on Kyrgyzstan, and emerge as the basin hydro-hegemon.     

中亚成矿域核心区地质演化和巨型成矿带划分

随着中亚成矿域地质矿产研究的不断升温和新资料的不断积累,学术界对其地质演化和成矿作用的认识出现诸多争议和矛盾。文章主要基于前苏联时期有关中亚地区的地质资料,并结合近年来地质矿产勘查新进展和高精度年代学数据,梳理了中亚成矿域核心区的主要地质特征及其演化规律,划分出中亚成矿域核心区的成矿省和巨型成矿带,论述了重要成矿带的形成和演化特征,并进行对比分析。在中亚成矿域核心区划分出4个成矿省：阿尔泰成矿省、巴尔喀什-准噶尔成矿省、楚伊犁-天山成矿省和西南天山成矿省,并重点论述了巴尔喀什-准噶尔成矿省和楚伊犁-天山成矿省的地质特征以及其中的巨型成矿带。巴尔喀什-准噶尔成矿省由4个巨型成矿带（含11个大型矿集区）组成：扎尔玛-萨吾尔成矿带、塔尔巴哈台-谢米斯台成矿带、阿科斗卡-巴尔鲁克成矿带和巴尔喀什-西准噶尔成矿带。楚伊犁-天山成矿省由4个巨型成矿带（含22个大型矿集区）构成：莫因特-阿拉套-赛里木成矿带、楚伊犁-博洛霍勒成矿带、伊赛克-阿吾拉勒成矿带和卡扎尔曼-那拉提成矿带。文中所提出的成矿省和巨型成矿带划分方案依然是初步的,在以后的工作中还需要不断修订和完善。我们期待着发现更多大型矿床和矿集区,使中亚成矿域核心区更丰富、更完善。地质资料的不断积累和新数据的不断补充,必然带动科学认识的提高和深化。     

The Raigorodok stockwork gold-sulfide-quartz deposit in the North Kazakhstan gold ore province

The Raigorodok stockwork gold-sulfide-quartz deposit is located in the contact zone of a monzogabbro-diorite intrusion belonging to the Stepnyak complex (442 Ma). Two main ore formation stages have been established: early, with disseminated gold-bearing pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralization related to skarn, propylite, and K-feldspar formation, and late, with productive mineralization. The late stage was accompanied by the formation of beresite, sericite, and quartz and comprised two substages: (1) quartz-gold-pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralization and (2) quartz-carbonate-gold-polysulfide mineralization. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of beresites and sericites are 422.9 ± 4.3 Ma and 416.7 ± 4.3 Ma, respectively, which is 19-22 Myr younger than the age of the host intrusion. The deposit ores formed stepwise, at temperatures of 112-335 °C and fluid salinity of 0.7-21.2 wt.% NaCl equiv. Sulfur for skarns, propylites, beresites, and ores might have been provided by a deep magma chamber, and the carbonaceous shales of the Vendian Sharyk Formation might have been the source of gold. The isotope and geochemical data and the results of fluid inclusion study suggest that Raigorodok is an intrusion-related deposit. At the same time, the deposit has a number of signs of porphyry-epithermal ore-magmatic systems.     

DEMOGRAPHIC POLARIZATION OF HOUSING AFFORDABILITY IN SIX MAJOR UNITED STATES METROPOLITAN AREAS

This paper describes and analyses the geography and structure of the neighborhood residential preferences and residential satisfaction of the inhabitants of the medium-sized, post-Soviet city of Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan (population ca. 300,000). It is based on a questionnaire survey (N = 1516 + 320) conducted by the author in cooperation with the statistical authority of the Eastern Kazakhstan oblast'. At the aggregate level, the evidence that is presented suggests distinct preference patterns, and that the main focus of preference is on the city center. The geography of residential satisfaction is different. Differences in satisfaction have been found between residents of housing built by former high-priority enterprises and those occupying most of the remainder of the housing stock. These differences underscore the pervasive and continuing importance of the legacy of Soviet economic and territorial planning, and the still rather limited changes that the marketization of the economy has been able to produce.