Characterising forest spatial structure through inhomogeneous second order characteristics

Point process theory plays a fundamental role in the analysis and modelling of spatial forest patterns. For instance, the Ripley’s K function and its density with respect to the area, i.e. the pair correlation function, have been extensively used to analyse and characterise stationary forest configurations. However, the stationarity condition is not often met in practice when analysing real data. Thus, the development and application of new statistics to measure the degree of inhomogeneity suggests the use of inhomogeneous statistics to describe forest stands. In this paper, we restrict our attention to the inhomogeneous pair correlation function in the context of replicated spatial data. We then analyse the spatial configuration of pure and mixed conifer stands in a case study in Central Catalonia, North-East of Spain. Our results suggest that whilst P. sylvestris tend to be aggregated for short inter-tree distances, P. nigra and P. halepensis keep a minimum inter-event distance between trees. Regarding the mixed stands, trees of distinct species tend to be segregated from each other. Tentative explanations for these results are related with site properties, competition effects, shade tolerance and silviculture practices applied in this forest region.     

不同下垫面湍流通量计算方法的比较研究

本文利用1990~1994年在中国内蒙古奈曼市半干旱地区沙丘和植被区下垫面观测的微气象数据,采用变分法、波文比能量平衡方法和空气动力学方法计算了7种下垫面（沙丘、草原、四种放牧强度的草地、玉米田）的湍流通量并进行了比较.结果表明：除沙丘和重度放牧草地外,三种方法计算的湍流通量在大多数时刻是比较一致的,相关性较高,能量闭合程度也较好.在用于计算植被相对茂盛下垫面的湍流通量时,变分法得到的结果更好一些.随着放牧强度的增大,地表生物量、覆盖率和植被高度相应减少,潜热和动量通量相应减小,而感热通量增大.草地等植被茂盛的下垫面能够增加垂直方向的动量输送,增加空气动力学粗糙度,减小风速,阻止地表沙粒的运动和沙丘的起伏,对防止沙漠化能起到较大作用.     

非匀质波场波向对变风向响应现场观测设计

理论导出的非匀质波场波向对变风向响应的模式表明,单点波浪观测资料不足以提供非匀质情况下波向对变风向响应的信息。基于理论模式,提出了采用仪器阵列进行波浪观测研究波向响应的观测设计方案。     

非匀质波场波向响应模式

本文基于波能平衡方程,通过考虑波浪传播项,即［Ｃｇ（ｆ,θ）Ｅ（ｆ,θ）］ ≠０ ,理论上导出了非匀质波场波向对变风向的响应模式;研究了波场非匀质性对波向响应的影响;导出了有限风区波浪产生的非匀质情形下平均波向与无因次风区的关系;同时还进行了某些讨论。     

Reflection and transmission of inhomogeneous waves in a composite porous solid saturated by two immiscible fluids

This paper is concerned with reflection and transmission of a plane, elastic, and inhomogeneous wave striking obliquely at some discontinuity inside a porous medium composed of two distinct solids and saturated by two immiscible fluids. It is found that four P‐ and two SV‐waves are reflected, whereas four P‐ and two SV‐waves are transmitted at the interface. All reflected and transmitted waves are inhomogeneous in nature and specified with different directions of propagation and attenuation vectors. An expression for the Umov–Poynting energy flux vector is derived for the system. Continuity of energy flux along normal to the interface gives 12 required boundary conditions. Expressions of amplitude and energy ratios of various reflected and transmitted waves are derived. Variations in amplitude and energy coefficients of reflected and transmitted waves with angle of incidence are numerically studied for a porous matrix composed of shaley sandstone and clay, saturated with water and oil. The effects of change in oil saturation and volume fraction of clay are also observed on amplitude ratios. Numerical simulation reveals that the change in sign in the difference of capillary pressure across the interface causes jump in the values of amplitude ratios of all waves.     

多孔弹性波方程的多尺度波场模拟

本文研究了二维多孔弹性波方程的多尺度波场数值模拟方法.该多尺度方法可采用较粗的网格计算,同时又能反映细尺度上物性参数的变化信息.文中详细阐述了多尺度模拟方法与算法,并推导了相应的计算格式.基本思想是建立粗细两套网格,在粗网格上,基于有限体积方法计算更新波场;在细网格上,计算多尺度基函数,这基于有限元方法通过求解一个局部化问题得到.对含有随机分布散射体的多孔介质模型进行了数值计算,计算中应用了完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件,数值结果验证了本文方法和算法的正确性和有效性.     

Effect of rock mass disturbance on the stability of rock slopes using the Hoek–Brown failure criterion

The process of creating man made or “cut” slopes in rock invariably leads to stress relief within the rock mass which in turn induces a certain degree of fracturing and disturbance. The level of disturbance can be particularly significant when the slope is formed using blasting techniques. However, the effects of this disturbance on the overall rock slope stability have not been investigated thoroughly in the current literature. In order to account for rock mass disturbance during construction, a disturbance factor has been included in the Hoek–Brown failure criterion [1]. This paper uses finite element upper and lower bound limit analyses to estimate rock slope stability based on the Hoek–Brown failure criterion whilst including the effect of rock mass disturbance. A rigorous set of analyses have been performed where the level of disturbance is considered as constant or linearly varying throughout the slope. The results are then compared to a number of reported case histories for verification purposes. From the results of this study, the disturbance factor was found to have significant influence on the rock slope stability assessment, especially for poorer quality rock masses. Hence, cautious engineering judgement must be exercised when estimating the level of disturbance. In addition, utilising stability charts to estimate the stability of cut rock slopes without considering the rock mass disturbance may lead to significant overestimations.     

北京土沟—高丽营地裂缝成因分析

传统观点认为北京土沟—高丽营一线的地裂缝是沿黄庄—高丽营断裂带由地面沉降诱发的复合型地裂缝,且地面沉降在地裂缝位错量中贡献率较大。本文通过对槽探、物化探成果和地裂缝监测数据的综合分析,认为黄庄—高丽营断裂的活动是该地裂缝形成和发育的控制因素和主要动力,地面沉降只是加剧了地裂缝发育规模和加大了活动速率,而非诱发因素,从而得出土沟—高丽营地裂缝属构造型地裂缝这一结论。     

Spectral Structure of Small-Scale Turbulent and Mesoscale Fluxes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over a Thermally Inhomogeneous Land Surface

Spectral analysis was performed on aircraft observations of a convective boundary layer (CBL) that developed over a thermally inhomogeneous, well-marked mesoscale land surface. The observations, part of the GAME-Siberia experiment, were recorded between April and June 2000 over the Lena River near Yakutsk City. A special integral parameter termed the ‘reduced depth of the CBL’ was used to scale the height of the mixed layer with variable depth. Analysis of wavelet cospectra and spectra facilitated the separation of fluxes and other variables into small-scale turbulent fluctuations (with scales less than the reduced depth of the CBL, approximately 2 km) and mesoscale fluctuations (up to 20 km). This separation approach allows for independent exploration of the scales. Analyses showed that vertical distributions obeyed different laws for small-scale fluxes and mesoscale fluxes (of sensible heat, water vapour, momentum and carbon dioxide) and for other variables (wind speed and air temperature fluctuations, coherence and degree of anisotropy). Vertical profiles of small-scale turbulent fluxes showed a strong decay that differed from generally accepted similarity models for the CBL. Vertical profiles of mesoscale fluxes and other variables clearly showed sharp inflections at the same relative (with respect to the reduced depth of the CBL) height of approximately 0.55 in the CBL. Conventional similarity models for sensible heat fluxes describe both small-scale turbulent and mesoscale flows. The present results suggest that mesoscale motions that reach up to the relative level of 0.55 could be initiated by thermal surface heterogeneity. Entrainment between the upper part of the CBL and the free atmosphere may cause mesoscale motions in that region of the CBL.