IAP AGCM中短波辐射方案的改进研究I·引入Fu-Liou短波辐射方案

冰云和水云对短波辐射性质(消光系数、单次散射反照率及不对称因子)的影响很不相同,应分别计算。Fu-Liou短波辐射方案(以下称Fu-Liou code)就是对冰云和水云分别采用了不同的参数化方案,云的短波辐射性质直接由云的物理性质来确定。因此,Fu-Liou code在云的处理方面物理意义更清晰且很合理。作者将Fu-Liou code引入IAP AGCM-II中,称为Version 2。对当代气候场的模拟结果表明,Version 2的各个物理过程是协调匹配的,且其对气候场的模拟性能是好的,从而为进一步改进IAP AGCM的短波辐射方案提供了很好的模式基础。     

An Effective Approach for Improving the Real-Time Prediction of Summer Rainfall over China

This paper has two purposes. One is to evaluate the ability of an atmospheric general circulation model (IAP9L-AGCM) to predict summer rainfall over China one season in advance. The other is to propose a new approach to improve the predictions made by the model. First, a set of hindcast experiments for summer climate over China during 1982-2010 are performed from the perspective of real-time prediction with the IAP9L-AGCM model and the IAP ENSO prediction system. Then a new approach that effectively combines the hind-cast with its correction is proposed to further improve the model’s predictive ability. A systematic evaluation reveals that the model’s real-time predictions for 41 stations across China show significant improvement using this new approach, especially in the lower reaches between the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys.     

The Baseline Evaluation of LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model (LICOM) Version 2

The baseline performance of the latest version (version 2) of an intermediate resolution, stand-alone climate oceanic general circulation model, called LASG/IAP (State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics/Institute of Atmospheric Physics) Climate system Ocean Model (LICOM), has been evaluated against the observation by using the main metrics from Griffies et al. in 2009. In general, the errors of LICOM2 in the water properties and in the circulation are comparable with the models of Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (COREs). Some common biases are still evident in the present version, such as the cold bias in the eastern Pacific cold tongue, the warm biases off the east coast of the basins, the weak poleward heat transport in the Atlantic, and the relatively large biases in the Arctic Ocean. A unique systematic bias occurs in LICOM2 over the Southern Ocean, compared with CORE models. It seems that this bias may be related to the sea ice process around the Antarctic continent.     

基于串行通信的传感器自动识别与通用型浮标数据采集系统设计

海洋资料浮标以其多种功能和连续探测能力成为现代海洋观测的重要工具。海洋浮标传感器种类多、通信协议差异性大,为浮标数据采集系统提出了集成应用需求多样、平均开发周期长的问题。本实验设计并实现了基于串行通信波特率特征判别传感器的通用型海洋浮标数据采集系统。系统基于串行通信接口,通过对波特率的自动识别,对多种不同海洋参数传感器的通信特点进行比对分析,从而将传感器进行分类识别,实现外载传感器的自动识别功能;通过IAP设计,实现系统的拓展。最后,通过实验室的原型试验进行技术路线可行性验证。结果表明,系统能够在数秒内快速无误识别信息库中传感器,可以通过分包方式满足远程更新需求。     

南半球冬季双西风急流及数值模拟

基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究了南半球冬季双西风急流现象,指出它发生在600～100hPa的南太平洋上空,其中副热带急流中心位于27.5°S,且在200hPa层风速达到极大值;高纬度急流中心位于60°S,风速随高度增加而增加。在此基础上,利用IAP 9L AGCM（大气物理研究所9层大气环流模式）对双西风急流现象进行了数值模拟。结果表明,该模式很好地再现了双西风急流现象,并成功地模拟出副热带急流的位置、强度以及最大风速的垂直中心层次。对极区急流强度的模拟也比较接近实况,但位置偏南。但模式对40～50°S之间南太平洋风速极小值中心强度的模拟略低于再分析资料。此外,模式对平流层上层单急流位置的模拟与观测结果有较大差异。     

CCM3/NCAR的辐射方案在IAP-AGCM模式中的应用

利用NCAR的CCM3 (The Community Climate Model version 3) 辐射模块, 对IAP9L－AGCM的辐射计算方案进行了替换, 并对改进的结果做了细致的评估。分析表明, 新版本的模式在大多数辐射场的空间平均和分布型的模拟上有了较为明显的改进, 特别是较好地克服了原模式中陆面净辐射场的偏差。在此基础上, 新版本计算的大气温度普遍升高。伴随这种变化, 模式中的海平面气压、 地表温度、 位势高度、 风场、 降水、 比湿等物理量都有了调整, 但是变化并不明显, 从而对模式的进一步发展和完善提出了新的要求。     

Seasonal differences of model predictability and the impact of SST in the Pacific

Both seasonal potential predictability and the impact of SST in the Pacific on the forecast skill over China are investigated by using a 9-level global atmospheric general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP9L-AGCM). For each year during 1970 to 1999, the ensemble consists of seven integrations started from consecutive observational daily atmospheric fields and forced by observational monthly SST. For boreal winter, spring and summer,the variance ratios of the SST-forced variability to the total variability and the differences in the spatial correlation coefficients of seasonal mean fields in special years versus normal years are computed respectively. It follows that there are slightly inter-seasonal differences in the model potential predictability in the Tropics. At northern middle and high latitudes, prediction skill is generally low in spring and relatively high either in summer for surface air temperature and middle and upper tropospheric geopotential height or in winter for wind and precipitation. In general, prediction skill rises notably in western China, especially in northwestern China, when SST anomalies (SSTA) in the Nino-3 region are significant. Moreover,particular attention should be paid to the SSTA in the North Pacific (NP) if one aims to predict summer climate over the eastern part of China, i.e., northeastern China, North China and southeastern China.     

外强迫对北半球冬季大气环流年代际变化影响的数值模拟

利用IAP／LASG GOALS模式模拟研究了人类活动和太阳活动对北半球冬季大气环流年代际变化的影响。模拟结果表明,温室气体是影响大气环流变化的一个基本因子,即考虑了温室气体浓度变化的GOALS模式可以很好地反映近50年来大气环流年代际变化的基本特征,同时由于太阳活动和硫酸盐气溶胶的影响,使得大气环流年代际变化的模拟结果更接近观测事实。东亚大槽和北美大槽1960年代中后期明显偏强及1980年代后期显著减弱,以及从1960年代开始西伯利亚高压的减弱和北太平洋涛动(NPO)的增大趋势。最后初步分析了该模式对中国东部气候变化的影响,该模式亦能较好地反映中国东部气候的年代际变化特征：1960年代中后期明显的偏冷时期和1980年代中期开始的显著增暖期。     

热带太平洋环流季节变化的数值模拟

在观测到的海表风应力和热量及淡水通量驱动下，用大气物理研究所发展的高分辨率自由表面热带太平洋环流模式对热带太平洋环流季节变化进行了数值模拟。对模拟得到的热带太平洋海面起伏、温度场和流场等季节变化分析、比较表明，模式成功地模拟了观测到的环流季节变化基本特征。其中，海面起伏中西北太平洋副热带反气旋环流在冬季最强，赤道槽在冬季和早春季强，而赤道脊和北赤道逆流槽则在秋季强；北赤道逆流在秋季强而春季弱，150°W附近区域赤道表层洋流流向在4至7月逆转；赤道东太平洋地区海表温度场春季增暖和秋冷却；以及次表层赤道斜温层     

国产ECC型O3探空仪性能测试及室外比对观测

该文介绍了中国科学院大气物理研究所（简称IAP）研制的电化学浓度电池（ECC）型臭氧（O₃）探空仪基本性能测试和2013年上半年室外比对观测结果。结果表明:ECC的背景电流（I_bg）在0.1 μA以下或更低;测量O₃的响应时间为21~26 s;NO₂（SO₂）使O₃测值偏高（低）;抽气泵低压泵效系数（C_ef）在100 hPa高度以下为1.0左右,在该高度以上上升,10 hPa达到1.17±0.10,5 hPa达到1.28±0.16,性能略低于同类进口产品（1.055以下）。国产和进口仪器在气象探空或抽气泵等部件上具有良好兼容性;两者所测O₃垂直分布廓线总体一致。IAP O₃探空仪O₃总量与Brewer光谱仪测值比值为0.9~1.1;C_ef和I_bg订正有效降低了IAP O₃探空仪在平流层低层与进口仪器测值的差别,这一订正对O₃柱浓度在平流层和对流层的贡献分别为约15 DU和4~6 DU;在对流层,IAP O₃探空仪测值与进口仪器间的绝对差别稳定且低于0.5 mPa;而平流层受泵效影响较明显。因此,建议IAP O₃探空仪提高其C_ef的稳定性,参与国际比对测试,国产气象探空平台数据接收处理增加必要的滤波技术以降低平流层探测数据（包括O₃）的振荡。