边坡虹吸排水管内空气积累原因及应对措施

坡体地下水位上升是诱发滑坡的重要因素,实时排出地下水是防治边坡地质灾害的有效手段。虹吸排水具有免动力和流动过程由液位变化自动控制的物理特性,可满足实时排出坡体地下水的需要,但虹吸管中空气积累会导致虹吸过程中断,制约了边坡虹吸排水技术的推广应用。溶解于水的空气因虹吸管内压力降低而释出是形成气泡的物理基础。实验结果表明,虹吸进水口水面以上垂直高度3.5 m以上就会出现大量气泡,经过虹吸顶点后,气泡发生强烈的兼并形成大气泡。当虹吸管的进出水口的水头差较大时,气泡间的水弹容易推动气泡从出水口排出。当虹吸管直径大于5 mm时,缓慢的虹吸流动,会发生管内气泡的积累,最终破坏虹吸过程;虹吸管的直径小于4 mm时,可以形成基本稳定的弹状流。因此,为保持边坡虹吸过程长期有效,经常性降雨并且坡体地下水丰富的地区可选用直径为5 mm的虹吸管,非经常性降雨的地区应选择小于等于4 mm的虹吸管。     

Reproductive biology of horse mackerel Trachurus capensis and Trachurus trecae in Namibia and Angola

Harvest control measures for Namibia and Angola are defined using reference points for spawning biomass, which requires knowledge of spawning potential and dynamics of fishery stocks. The reproductive biology of two species of horse mackerel, Trachurus capensis and Trachurus trecae, in these waters was investigated for spawning distribution in time and space. Samples were collected during two scientific cruises conducted in February and July/August 2007 off the coast of Namibia and Angola. A total of 396 fish ovaries was examined to determine the spawning dynamics of the two species. The ovaries were histologically analysed and their oocyte distributions mapped. The length (TL)–weight relationships of the two species differed significantly. The observed development of oocyte recruitment and absence of a hiatus in the oocyte distribution indicated that these species are indeterminate spawners. Analyses of the data from the NatMIRC database (2001–2004) indicated annual changes in gonadosomatic index (GSI) for T. capensis at different latitudes, but these changes were small. GSI also fluctuated between years and areas, but there were no clear spatial or temporal trends, with averages ≤4.0% at all stations. The GSI of both species was not indicative of the histologically determined development of gonad maturity. Oocyte maturation for T. capensis indicated that smaller and younger fish spawn first. Batch fecundity (F) for T. trecae was best described by F = 4 986 TL (cm) – 99 645 (r ² = 0.83). This study provided the first analyses of oocyte development in time and space for the two species in the region.     

水母伞径和饵料密度对海月水母(Aurelia sp.1)捕食率的影响

海月水母在全球范围内大量暴发,严重危害海洋生态系统的健康以及鱼类资源的可持续利用。本文以卤虫无节幼体为饵料,初步研究了水母伞径和饵料密度对海月水母个体捕食率的影响以及海月水母的昼夜捕食节律。研究结果表明,海月水母的伞径对其捕食率的影响极显著(P<0.01),在1—8cm范围内,随着伞径的增加个体捕食率线性增加,两者之间的关系式为y=0.044x+0.125(R2=0.9036)。饵料密度对海月水母捕食率的影响显著(P<0.05),在0.25—26.11mgC/L范围内,随饵料密度的增加个体捕食率呈线性增加趋势,关系式为y=0.508x(R2=0.958)。在饵料充足时,海月水母没有昼夜捕食节律。在高饵料密度下海月水母出现过剩捕食,但是捕食行为依然活跃。上述结果既为量化评估海月水母对浮游动物群体的捕食压力提供了基础参数,同时水母过剩捕食行为说明依据生物量和代谢率的推算结果可能低估自然海域水母队浮游动物的捕食压力。     

2009年6月6日鄂北冰雹天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,对2009年6月6日鄂北冰雹天气发生前的抬升、水汽及不稳定条件进行了诊断分析。结果表明：地面中尺度辐合线为冰雹天气发生提供了抬升条件,促进强对流天气爆发;垂直水汽分布上,中低层干盖的形成有效地抑制了边界层对流的发展,为不稳定能量的积聚创造了有利条件;地面“干线”的形成,增加了大气的潜在斜压性,促进了次级环流的发展,增加了大气不稳定性。多普勒天气雷达资料以及闪电定位等监测数据分析表明：雷达回波组合反射率强度、回波顶高和垂直液态水含量的迅速跃增,对降雹有较好的指示意义;10 min闪电频次在降雹前出现了20次以上的峰值,可以起到冰雹预警作用。     

山东平邑石膏矿矿难大口径救援钻孔施工技术

2015年“12.25”平邑矿难钻孔救援是我国首例通过钻孔救生的成功案例。由于地层不断坍塌变形,导致了复杂地层条件的产生,给救援钻孔的施工带来极大困难。针对这一特殊情况,采用空气反循环钻井工艺技术,处理钻孔事故时采用气举反循环工艺技术。总结了大口径钻孔施工经验,对今后施工大口径救援钻孔提出有待改进的问题和建议。     

小口径岩心钻探海上施工安全风险管控

小口径岩心钻探海上施工不同于陆地,要借助海上钻探平台作为实施场地进行施工。因其施工环境中风、浪等自然因素所占影响比例较大,其交通运输、施工过程、人员安全防护等都较陆地施工有很大区别。为保证海上岩心钻探施工安全,通过对比分析海上与陆地施工的危险源异同,经过危险源辨识、评价、控制等3个步骤,从技术与管理2个角度,就平台搭建及拆除、施工过程、海上交通、人身防护等方面对海上施工风险进行系统化管理,确保安全施工。     

Channel change at Toudaoguai Station and its responses to the operation of upstream reservoirs in the upper Yellow River

The application of dams built upstream will change the input conditions, including water and sediment, of downstream fluvial system, and destroy previous dynamic quasi-equilibrium reached by channel streamflow, so indispensable adjustments are necessary for downstream channel to adapt to the new water and sediment supply, leading the fluvial system to restore its previous equilibrium or reach a new equilibrium. Using about 50-year-long hydrological, sedimentary and cross-sectional data, temporal response processes of Toudaoguai cross-section located in the upper Yellow River to the operation of reservoirs built upstream are analyzed. The results show that the Toudaoguai cross-section change was influenced strongly by upstream reservoir operation and downstream channel bed armoring thereafter occurred gradually and extended to the reach below Sanhuhekou gauging station. Besides, median diameter of suspended sediment load experienced a three-stage change that is characterized by an increase at first, then a decrease and an increase again finally, which reflects the process of channel bed armoring that began at Qingtongxia reservoir and then gradually developed downstream to the reach below Sanhuhekou cross-section. Since the joint operation strategy of Longyangxia, Liujiaxia and Qingtongxia reservoirs was introduced in 1986, the three-stage change trend has become less evident than that in the time period between 1969 and 1986 when only Qingtongxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs were put into operation alone. In addition, since 1987, the extent of lateral migration and thalweg elevation change at Toudaoguai cross-section has reduced dramatically, cross-sectional profile and location tended to be stable, which is beneficial to the normal living for local people.     

电力隧道超大直径顶管施工扰动特性研究

由于顶管工程在经济方面的优势以及控制周围环境水平的提升,而得到广泛应用,但目前顶管扰动特性方面的研究多数限于中小顶管,未考虑超大直径顶管的特殊性。对上海世博电力电缆隧道顶管施工进行了现场监测,并主要分析了水-土压力变化曲线,测试结果反映了超大直径顶管顶进5阶段的扰动特性。工程经验表明,超大直径长距离顶进成功的主要作用因素有3个：泥浆套作用、开挖面控制和姿态动态调整。最后对泥浆套在顶管中的形成过程以及扰动作用机制进行了研究,泥浆套在注入、泥膜形成以及整体发挥作用的过程中具备填充、支承、隔阻、润滑等作用。     

大直径盾构隧道扩挖地铁车站的力学性能研究

日益复杂的地铁建设环境使得地铁线路布置困难、施工风险加大,同时对施工方法也提出了更为严格的要求。采用大直径盾构建造地铁单洞双线区间并在盾构隧道基础上小规模扩挖形成车站是解决复杂环境下地铁建设的一种新思路。以北京地铁14号线高家园站为背景,提出了在外径10 m的大直径盾构隧道基础上采用CRD(Cross Diaphragm)法扩挖地铁车站的两种方案,利用“地层-结构”相互作用有限元法模拟了车站扩挖施工过程,研究了结构体系的受力转换规律。结果表明：在扩挖施工中,结构受力转换频繁;结构体系的最大轴向应力位置由管片环转移到初期支护,最大剪应力位置转移到封顶块管片;管片环由受压状态为主转向受剪状态为主,初期支护、中隔板、梁柱及临时支撑以受压状态为主;封顶块管片和顶梁上部翼缘处的应力较大,应对这些位置进行加强处理。     

黔东南冰雹集中期和集中度气候特征分析

基于贵州省黔东南地区1961―2008年1―12月16个台站冰雹观测资料,引入了表征冰雹事件时间分配特征新参数——冰雹事件集中度和集中期,对黔东南地区冰雹事件年内非均匀性特征进行分析。结果表明:黔东南地区冰雹事件集中度及集中期的平均和异常空间分布均存在很大区域差异,异常空间分布根据地形可分为4个区;从时间演变上看,各区年内冰雹事件集中度与集中期均表现出显著的年代振荡特征,各区年代际变化特征不一致;黔东南区域年内冰雹事件集中度和集中期表现出反向变化趋势。