Excess in precipitation as a cause for settlement decline along the Israeli coastal plain during the third millennium BC

Although the relations between climate and settlement are not straightforward, there is a general agreement that arid conditions are less favorable for human settlement in the semiarid Near East than humid conditions. Here we show that humid conditions resulted in the abandonment of settlements along the Israeli coastal plain. We first present archaeological evidence for a drastic decline in settlement along the Israeli coast during most of the third millennium BC (Early Bronze Age II-III). Then, based on archaeological and climatic evidence, we link this decline to an environmental change occurring at that time. We propose that increased precipitation intensified the already existing drainage problems and resulted in flooding, which led to the transformation of arable land into marshes and to the spread of diseases, gradually causing settlement decline and abandonment.     

从对立统一观论人—地关系动力学

人－地关系动力学将成为新工纪的地球科学的前沿学科。环境与发展已成为今日国际社会的共识。从对立统一观分析,人－地关系动力学具有整体性与局部性、缓变性与突发性、可再生性与不可再生性、因果性、不可逆性与避防性、线性变化与指数变化等特性。人类社会经济发展与资源、生态环境之间相互制约,要在现代科学技术的有效支持下,保持、发扬优化条件,减少、防止恶化条件,使人类社会经济保持健康的持续发展。     

论喀斯特环境的脆弱性

占全球陆地面积15%,居住着近10亿人口的喀斯特区域,是一个特殊的自然环境。在环境科学和喀斯特学间的互相渗透和交叉,产生了喀斯特环境学这一边缘分支学科。本文从系统论的观点、人地关系角度简要地论述了喀斯特环境的结构、功能和特性,并以贵州为例,对喀斯特环境脆弱性问题进行了分析,笔者认为:环境生态系统变异敏感度高,环境容量低,灾变承受阈值弹性小,是喀斯特环境脆弱性的最本质特征。     

Mountain Water Tower and Ecological Risk Estimation of the Mesta-Nestos Transboundary River Basin （Bulgaria-Greece）

The Mesta-Nestos river basin in Bulgaria and Greece is a case study for transboundary decision-making support in south-eastern Europe and a show-case for the development of methodologies and information-gathering for the integrated regional planning of water resources. Land-use conflicts in this water-scarce region cover a wide spectrum of activities like agricultural irrigation,drinking water production,diversions for industrial water,and risk of pollution from mining,to name a few examples. Measurements of the water quality were carried out in the upper basin. Results will be illustrated by the example of the environmental situation in the alpine region of the Pirin National Park as well as in the Razlog Basin with a stronger anthropogenic impact and pollution around a former uranium mine near the village of Ele?nica. The social and economic development of this transboundary region is a recently established priority for the future. It will mean an increase in water usage and more stress for the water resources if regional impacts of global climate change are verified. Problem-focused management of the catchment area as a whole on the basis of proved geo-data sets is needed for the future.     

Assessment of Constraint Factors of Resources and Environment of Sustainable Development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebeiregion: Based on the Framework of Landscape Sustainability Science

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region is an important engine for China’s socioeconomic development. Timely and effectively assessing constraint factors of resources and environment is of great significance for the sustainability assessment and the sustainable development of this region. However, comprehensive assessment research considering key resource and environmental constraints are still lacking. In this study, therefore, the limiting factors of resources and the environment in the BTH region were assessed based on the framework of landscape sustainability science. First, we chose five limiting factors, including topographic condition, geological environment, water resource, land resource, and atmospheric environment, to assess the constraints of resources and the environment using the single-factor evaluation method and the multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method. Based on the results, we divided the whole region into five subregions, i.e., the ecological conservation subregion, the geological disaster subregion, the water resource scarcity subregion, the atmospheric pollution subregion, and the cropland protection subregion. The results revealed that the northern BTH region was highly constrained by topographic conditions, the central BTH region was strongly constrained by geological environment and water resources, whereas the southern BTH region was constrained mainly by land resources and atmospheric environment. In addition, water resource was the main limiting factor for regional population growth and economic development. In 2010, the water resource scarcity subregion had a total population of 39.59 million, an urban population of 76.90%, and a gross domestic product of 2 455.57 billion yuan. We argue that the sustainable development of the BTH region should explicitly consider the resource and environmental limiting factors, implement land use optimization according to local conditions, maintain multiple land use types and diverse management strategies, based on the perspective of “strong sustainability”, so as to promote the regional sustainable development.     

北京延庆葡萄产地高氟地质环境特征研究

北京延庆葡萄产地北侧山区出露大面积花岗岩。岩浆活动频繁,构造发育,特殊地质条件造成土壤存在明显的高氟异常,全氟、水溶氟含量高,部分地下水氟化物含量超过相关标准,是导致当地居民因饮用地下水而患有氟中毒地方病的主要原因。尽管农作物含氟符合相关标准,但高氟地质环境对农作物的含氟量仍具有富集趋势。     

新疆喀什两次超级单体致雹风暴特征对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料,对2011年发生在喀什地区夏季罕见的两次强度不同的超级单体致雹风暴进行了特征分析。结果表明：不稳定层结、冷空气活动频繁和抬升触发条件是喀什地区产生强对流天气的共同环境场特征;充足的水汽及强的垂直风切变更有利于喀什地区深厚湿对流活动的产生;初夏雹暴的发生、发展存在1支异常水汽输送,输送量10.9×10⁸ t;而盛夏雹暴存在3支异常水汽输送,输入量11.4×10⁸ t;θ_e陡立区与冰雹落区对应较好,垂直涡度与倾斜涡度发展旺盛,是造成大范围雹暴的主要原因。强回波高悬,低层入流显著、低层反射率因子高梯度区是强对流天气共同的回波特征;初夏雹暴为弓形回波、中-γ尺度;盛夏雹暴为强超级单体、中-β尺度;回波伸展高度越高、低层入流越显著、垂直风切变越强的对流系统产生的天气越激烈,易产生大雹。     

哀牢山云南松林冬季鸟类群落与地理环境的关系

本文运用了群落相似系数、种间相遇机率指数、生态位分布型和食性研究,观测分析了同一山体两侧山坡八块样地冬季鸟类群落状况。在哀牢山西坡观测到鸟类44种,东坡观测到28种,其中13种为两坡共有。西坡除种多样性较高外,鸟类生态类型也与东坡有别。所有这些差别与哀牢山地理位置,西南季风影响所形成的东西坡植被和气候等环境因素有关。文章还分析了人类活动对森林演替和鸟类群落的影响。     

关于地理环境的理解和运用问题

本文借助语言、逻辑知识,从“偏正结构”、“相关词义”、“派生概念”三方面,阐明了地理环境的确切含义和实际运用问题。笔者在分析、探讨地理环境问题时,提出了一些与当今辞书和重要著述相悖的定义。作者认为,长期以来,围绕地理环境及其派生概念“决定论”所开展的一切无端之争,除立场、观点和历史局限外,无不与下列问题的认识、理解不一有关:关于历史与现代决定论问题;关于决定与决定论问题;关于内外环境决定论问题。     

资源环境系列制图研究的现实基础与发展

本文侧重于全国性资源环境及有关自然条件等专题制图工作的现实基础和成就,作简要总结和回顾。针对提高和重新认识制图效益和重点进行讨论,提出科学效益是基础,社会效益是目的,经济效益是根本,为资源环境的合理开发利用提供依据,并提出今后发展设想。