On predicting boat drift for search and rescue

A theoretical model for predicting boat drift for search and rescue missions is presented in this work. The drift model is based on the law of physics which govern the motion of a floating body in a given wind and surface current field. In terms of the empirical aerodynamics force coefficients of the boat or any other drifting object, external wind field, and current field, the drift velocity of the boat being searched for can be obtained. The uncertainty of the characteristics of the boat’s drift is evaluated by interval analysis of the uncertainties of the characteristics of the drifting boat and external forcing fields. The search area expansion and the source of uncertainty are systematically evaluated. The current statistical model-based operational definitions of leeway drift, leeway rate, leeway angle, divergence angle, leeway divergence, downwind component of leeway, and crosswind component of leeway are clarified in light of the presented theoretical model. The divergence angle and leeway divergence are evaluated through the interval analysis of the uncertainty of the parameters involved.     

Estimating the components of the sensible heat budget of a tall forest canopy in complex terrain

Ultrasonic wind measurements, sonic temperature and air temperature data at two heights in the advection experiment MORE II were used to establish a complete budget of sensible heat including vertical advection, horizontal advection and horizontal turbulent flux divergence. MORE II took place at the long-term Carbo-Europe IP site in Tharandt, Germany. During the growing period of 2003 three additional towers were established to measure all relevant parameters for an estimation of advective fluxes, primarily of CO₂. Additionally, in relation to other advection experiments, a calculation of the horizontal turbulent flux divergence is proposed and the relation of this flux to atmospheric stability and friction velocity is discussed. In order to obtain a complete budget, different scaling heights for horizontal advection and horizontal turbulent flux divergence are tested. It is shown that neglecting advective fluxes may lead to incorrect results. If advective fluxes are taken into account, the sensible heat budget based upon vertical turbulent flux and storage change only, is reduced by approximately 30%. Additional consideration of horizontal turbulent flux divergence would in turn add 5–10% to this sum (i.e., the sum of vertical turbulent flux plus storage change plus horizontal and vertical advection). In comparison with available energy horizontal advection is important at night whilst horizontal turbulent flux divergence is rather insignificant. Obviously, advective fluxes typically improve poor nighttime energy budget closure and might change ecosystem respiration fluxes considerably.     

犁式(箕状)断陷盆地的一种模拟方法及其在海拉尔盆地的应用

弹性条件下的拉伸速率和由于压实作用而不断变化的沉积物密度满足一定的散度方程。通过有限差分方法解该方程可计算盆地的拉伸量。应用该方法对海拉尔盆地各沉积时期进行了计算,取得了较好的效果,这对盆地的形成和演化以及寻找油气靶区等研究具有一定的指导意义。     

南海海面散度场与涡度场的季节变化特征

本文使用ＣＯＡＤＳ海面风资料，逐月计算了南海的散度场和涡度场，发现其具有明显的季节变化。夏季的辐合区正是台风多发海域。冬半年南海东北部的正涡度区，是东北季风在海峡附近地形影响下形成的，并可能成为南海东北部冬季气旋式海洋环流维持的外强迫源。     

Pedodiversity and pedogenesis in Zayandeh-rud Valley, Central Iran

A geomorphic hierarchical downscaling method was used to decompose the forms and processes forming the landscapes and their subdivisions in the main region of Zayandeh-rud Valley. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of soil heterogeneity and to check if K-entropy would be a good measure of soil evolution. Soil diversity analyses were performed considering soil families as individuals of soil entities in each geomorphic or taxonomic category level. Pedodiversity indices were used to follow the trend of soil and landscape evolution. The relationships between K-entropy (Shannon diversity index) and pedo-richness versus increasing area were analyzed to find out the effects of soil–landscape evolution on complexity of soil patterns in different geomorphic surfaces. Entropy–age relationship was studied to check the pedogenetic pathways responsible for soil landscape evolution. The soil diversity increases as geomorphic and taxonomic hierarchy levels decrease. The diversity indices were high when the sequence of soil horizons in a homogeneous family was also investigated. An increase in K-entropy of soil and landscape during time confirms the hypothesis of soil divergence evolution, whereby differences in initial conditions or local perturbations, and dynamic instability appear to have produced more variable soils and landscapes in the study area.     

All jobs are not created equal: Divergent indicators in the knowledge economy

Univariate indicators such as employment are often used to benchmark economic growth at the local and regional levels. However, the tremendous technological and industrial changes in the U.S. economy in the second half of the twentieth century suggest this practice may be outdated. In fact, the singular use of univariate indicators to benchmark regional development may obscure a much richer and more complex web of economic processes. Given the potential complexities associated with regional benchmarking in the current global economy, this paper will explore the numerical differences in economic performance presented by popular univariate indicators of regional growth. Results demonstrate a univariate approach to benchmarking presents an incomplete snapshot of regional performance that is incapable of capturing the multifaceted nature of economic growth in today’s global knowledge economy. Although job creation remains an important component to development efforts, many other factors should be considered in evaluations of regional performance, including the industries in which jobs are created and their associated wages.     

准各向异性粘弹介质地震波的数字仿真

本文论述准各向异性粘弹波动方程有限元数值解地震波响应的原理与计算方法,并给出地震衰减因子与方程中粘滞系数的计算关系式。列出了所研制的地面记录地震剖面与井中记录垂直地震剖面,以及波场时间切片图、散度与旋度图、应变能与动能的时间切片图。本方法适于任意分层形态且层间物性参数为强间断的实际地震剖面的仿真,旨在研究正问题以实现反问题。     

从单多普勒雷达速度场反演散度场

该文提出了在极坐标下从单多普勒雷达速度场计算散度的方法。此方法可以直接利用多普勒速度计算极坐标散度中的径向散度项和径向移动项,而无需作任何假定。只有在计算切向散度项时需要在一定的假定下先反演出切向速度。误差分析表明,反演误差比散度小一个量级。对一次冷锋过程的散度反演试验表明,极坐标散度反演方法可用于分析中尺度天气系统。     

“大分流”的隐喻：中国与西欧优势手工业发展逻辑再审视（7—14世纪）

“大分流”相关学说异彩纷呈、数家争鸣的背后,实质均是通过构建自身话语体系对“西方中心论”的质疑和挑战。从历史实践看,工业革命始终是中西方经济发展的分水岭,而手工业作为工业革命的先声,均曾在中西方历史上大放异彩。7—14世纪中国和西欧由于农业资源禀赋的差异,形成了各自的优势手工行业——丝织业和呢绒业。就发展逻辑而言,中西方均展现出分工不断细化（由行业内分工向劳动分工发展）、产品市场关联增强的特点,但中国主要是官府需求推动并存在于官营手工工场,西欧则是由市场发展分化而来且广泛分布于城市及郊区作坊工场;中国受“施坚雅模式”层级市场影响,丝织产地之间缺乏竞争意识,西欧面对共同的区域或海外市场形成佛兰德斯、意大利和英格兰相互竞争的呢绒产业格局。分工层次和产地竞争的路径依赖殊异明显,隐喻了工业革命后中西方经济发展的“大分流”。     

上地幔物质运移与地壳形变

本文据根GEM 10 B地球模型计算得到的卫星自由空间重力异常,分析了上地幔物质流运移的动力学关系。对在青藏高原上地壳的楔入作用影响下,上地幔物质流的运移状态及所造成的地壳形变进行了讨论。并对中国西南部壳体强烈的地壳形变以及频繁的地震活动的力源机制问题进行了探讨。