Theoretical analysis and simulation for avoiding antenna oscillations without distributed resistance

The so-called Wu and King antenna pattern is widely used in GPR because of its simple design and construction features. The main disadvantage is its limited efficiency due to transmitter energy losses which occur through lumped resistors. Based on the analysis of the electromagnetic field behaviour across the antenna, it is possible to replace the effect of the resistors by either storing the energy of the electric pulses, or damp them by means of one matched resistor, which will theoretically improve the efficiency of the antenna. In this paper we provide a theoretical analysis using a modified transmission line model together with simulation based on delayed potentials among other electromagnetic software, and measurement results using an impulse transmitter with fast MOSFET switches and a matched resistor that support this idea.     

随钻偶极远探测声场的辐射特性

本文对偶极横波远探测技术在随钻测井中的应用进行了探讨.对于随钻远探测而言,井中声源向井外地层中的辐射性能是它的主控因素.本文从井孔内外声场出发,考察了随钻和电缆测井中偶极声源的辐射效率,即声源产生的辐射波能流与沿井传播的导波能流之比;分析了声源的远场辐射指向性;基于声源辐射与接收之间的互易性,快速模拟和处理了随钻测井下SH和SV横波远探测波形.研究结果表明,随钻条件下SH和SV横波的最大辐射效率受钻铤的影响较电缆的情况降低了70%左右,且横波最大辐射效率对应的优势激发频率也从电缆的3.5kHz降为2.5kHz左右;虽然随钻偶极的横波辐射效率明显降低,但由理论模拟的随钻远探测数据的成像结果可知,声源辐射到地层中的横波能量仍足以探测井外反射体,表明随钻偶极远探测技术在理论上是可行的,本文结果为随钻偶极远探测测井提供了理论依据.     

偶极声源在裸眼井及套管井外的横波辐射特征

偶极横波远探测技术作为近年来发展起来的一门地球物理测井技术,一个重要应用前景就是在裸眼井和套管井测井时寻找井外地层中的油气构造.本文从井中偶极声场积分表达式的远场渐近解出发,对裸眼井及套管井中偶极声源的辐射场进行了对比分析,首次得到了偶极声源在不同声源频率和不同地层类型下的辐射特征.并深入研究了套管井中偶极声源的SH横波远场辐射特性,给出了不同耦合情况下的SH横波远场辐射特性的变化规律,对比了套前套后SH横波远场辐射的异同.结果表明：井中偶极声源的远场辐射特性受声源频率和地层类型影响较大;在套管井中,偶极声源辐射到地层中的横波能量也可以进行远探测,尽管与裸眼井情况相比,辐射能量会有所降低.本文的结果为偶极横波远探测技术的应用提供了理论支持.     

Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Northern Indian Ocean Associated with ENSO and IOD

The Northern Indian Ocean(NIO) sea surface temperature(SST) warming,associated with the El Ni o/Southern Oscillations(ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) mode,is investigated using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) monthly data for the period 1979 2010.Statistical analyses are used to identify respective contribution from ENSO and IOD.The results indicate that the first NIO SST warming in September November is associated with an IOD event,while the second NIO SST warming in spring-summer following the mature phase of ENSO is associated with an ENSO event.In the year that IOD co-occurred with ENSO,NIO SST warms twice,rising in the ENSO developing year and decay year.Both shortwave radiation and latent heat flux contribute to the NIO SST variation.The change in shortwave radiation is due to the change in cloudiness.A cloud-SST feedback plays an important role in NIO SST warming.The latent heat flux is related to the change in monsoonal wind.In the first NIO warming,the SST anomaly is mainly due to the change in the latent heat flux.In the second NIO warming,both factors are important.     

印度洋海温的偶极振荡与高原汛期降水和温度的关系

利用1961—2000年近40年印度洋海温距平场资料及对应的青藏高原35个观测站的降水与温度资料,通过相关普查得出,印度洋地区东西海温的偶极振荡与青藏高原汛期降水、温度有较好的相关关系,特别是前期1月、12月～2月的印度洋地区东西海温的偶极指数与青藏高原汛期(6～8月)降水和前一年6月的印度洋地区东西海温的偶极指数与青藏高原汛期(6～8月)温度有很好的相关。分析1961—2002年NCEP／NCAR 500hPa北半球高度场资料发现,印度洋地区东西海温的偶极指数与欧亚500hPa的高度场异常有密切的关系,并通过印度西南季风的强弱,影响到青藏高原汛期降水和温度的变化。     

南印度洋副热带偶极子的年代际转变特征

为了增进对南印度洋副热带偶极子(Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole,SIOD)年代际变化的认识,基于Hadley中心的海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、美国国家环境预报中心的大气再分析数据集Ⅰ(NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis1,NCEP)的大气再分析数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心的海洋再分析数据(Ocean Reanalysis System 4,ORAS4)等,本文分析了1958～2020年SIOD年代际转变的特征和物理机制。结果显示,2000年之前,SIOD存在2～4 a和4～6 a两个年际主周期,但近20 a(2000～2020年)其年际变化周期以1.5～2.0 a为主。与此同时,SIOD的空间特征及其强度在1987年和2004年左右出现了两次显著的年代际转变:1958～1986年(P1)期间强度最大,1987～2003年(P2)期间最弱,2004～2020年(P3)期间居中;P1期间SIOD的最大正SST异常(sea surface temperature anomalies,SSTA)中心位于(46°～80...     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE ON CLIMATIC VARIATIONS OVER EAST ASIAN MONSOON REGION DURING EQUATORIAL EAST PACIFIC OCEAN SSTA

1 INTRODUCTION In the recent years, more and more researches have shown that the effect of Tropical Ocean is very evident in the process of ocean-air interaction; Sea-Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA) takes on global configuration and SSTA in different areas are interrelated and also have their respective characteristics. The SSTA over Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean are interrelated. WU et al.[1] and MENG et al.[2] indicated that the evident positive correlation of inter-annual…     

地磁场长期变化速率的30年周期

地球主磁场B和它的长期变化都起源于地球外核的磁流体发电机过程,但是,它们的空间结构和时间演化特征却有很大差异. 本文采用全球平均的“无符号年变率”X〖DD(-*3〗〖KG*2/3〗·〖DD)〗〖DD(-*2〗〖KG*2/3〗—〖DD)〗、Y〖DD(-*3〗〖KG*2/3〗·〖DD)〗〖DD(-*2〗〖KG*2/3〗—〖DD)〗、Z〖DD(-*3〗〖KG*2/3〗·〖DD)〗〖DD(-*2〗〖KG*2/3〗—〖DD)〗、H〖DD(-*3〗〖KG*2/3〗·〖DD)〗〖DD(-*2〗〖KG*2/3〗—〖DD)〗和F〖DD(-*3〗〖KG*2/3〗·〖DD)〗〖DD(-*2〗〖KG*2/3〗—〖DD)〗来表征长期变化场〖WTHX〗〖AKB·〗〖WTBZ〗的总体强度,利用第9代国际参考地磁场模型IGRF 9,研究〖WTHX〗〖AKB·〗场的变化特征. 结果表明,在1900～2000年的100年当中,〖AKB·〗场经历了3幕变化,最大年变率分别发生在1910～1920、1940～1950、1970～1980年,显示出清晰的30年周期变化,而且,每一周期的上升段比其下降段短得多. 研究结果还表明,非偶极场对〖AKB·〗的贡献约为偶极场的2倍,因此,决定〖AKB·〗场周期特征的主要因素是非偶极场（特别是四极子场）,而不是偶极子场. 这一特点与主磁场B〖WTBZ〗中偶极场占绝对优势的特点完全不同.     

Tanzanian rainfall responses to El Niño and positive Indian Ocean Dipole events during 1951–2015

The relative impacts of Indian and Pacific Ocean processes on Tanzanian rainfall was evaluated using composite and correlation analyses. It was found that the seasonal responses of rainfall to positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) and El Niño events are substantial from September–October–November (SON) to December–January–February (DJF), whereas the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) exerts more control than El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in both seasons. The associated relationship with the sea surface temperature (SST) and large-scale atmospheric circulations revealed distinct features. For the pure pIOD years, there is above-normal rainfall over the entire country. A strong rainfall condition is evident over the Lake Victoria basin and coastal and northeastern highland parts of the country during SON, while areas of the central and southern highlands exhibit substantial rains during DJF. For the pure El-Niño events, Tanzania has suffered from insignificant, weak, and non-coherent rainfall conditions during SON. However, a contrasting insignificant rainfall signature is found between the northern and southern parts of the country during the subsequent DJF season. For the co-occurrence of pIOD and El Niño, significant, excessive rainfall conditions are restricted to over the northern coast and northeastern areas of the country during SON, consistent with the rainfall pattern for pIOD. A weak, positive rainfall condition is observed over the entire country in the following season of DJF. Generally, in terms of Tanzanian rainfall, the IOD/ENSO variability and the associated impacts can be explained by the anomalous SST and circulation anomalies.     

印度洋偶极子向海盆一致模转变的年代际变化及其成因

利用3种百年时间尺度的海温资料,探讨了印度洋偶极子(India Ocean Dipole,IOD)向海盆一致模(Indian Ocean Basin,IOB)年际转变的年代际变化,结果发现1940—1970年几乎不存在这一转变现象,1970年以后该现象则十分显著。研究表明,IOD与ENSO之间海气耦合作用的年代际变化是这一转变现象的主要原因,1940—1970年IOD与ENSO之间发生发展相互独立,而1970年以后联系密切。通过进一步对物理量场的诊断分析,揭示了其中主要的动力机理:1970年以前,热带印度洋上空形成的季风环流异常无法与热带太平洋的沃克环流异常进行耦合,IOD事件发生时无法与热带太平洋产生联系。反之,1970年以后,热带两大洋上空两个纬圈环流异常之间耦合作用强烈,正(负) IOD事件发生时,通过海气相互作用,促进El Niño (La Niña)发展,印度洋又会受到来自ENSO的正反馈作用。因此这种“齿轮式”耦合模型能一直持续到冬季和次年春季,热带印度洋上空持续受到东(西)风异常的影响和低层环流的引导,西印度洋有次表层暖水的流入(出),加上印度洋本身海盆尺度较小,西边的暖(冷)水区显著增大,东西海温异常差异迅速减小并向海盆一致变暖(冷)转变,导致了后期冬季、春季正(负) IOB事件的出现。