台缘裂缝发育特征、成因机制及其对黄土滑坡的意义

黄土滑坡是我国西北地区非常严重的地质灾害现象,后缘裂缝是黄土滑坡典型特征之一。陕西省泾阳南塬自1976年大面积农业灌溉以来,发生了27处50余起黄土滑坡。研究区塬边裂缝发育,滑坡密集分布的太平至蒋刘段目前共分布着28条裂缝,总延展长度为1424m。塬边地形形态控制着裂缝的发育、成因机制,因此,根据裂缝所处塬边地形形态,将南塬裂缝发育模式分为：“U”模式、“W”模式和“Z”模式。裂缝形成后对塬边滑坡的发展产生重要影响,使得坡体土体应力状态接近破坏边界面,只需较小的孔压增量和荷载即可诱发滑坡,同时,改变了地表水的入渗途径,极大地增加了地面灌溉和降雨诱发滑坡的概率。同时,裂缝的形成对于黄土滑坡的演化和群体性分布具有重要的意义。     

The importance of deliberation in valuing ecosystem services in developing countries—Evidence from the Solomon Islands

Monetary valuation of ecosystem services enables more accurate accounting of the environmental costs and benefits of policies, but this has rarely been applied in developing countries. In such contexts, there are particular methodological and epistemological challenges that require novel valuation methodologies. This paper introduces a new participatory, deliberative choice experiment approach conducted in the Solomon Islands. The research aimed to determine the value people placed on ecosystem services and whether participatory interventions to elicit deeper held values influenced the preferences expressed. Results found that the initial willingness to pay for a number of tropical forest ecosystem services amounted to 30% of household income. Following deliberative intervention exercises, key ecosystem services effectively became priceless as participants were unwilling to trade them off in the choice experiment scenarios, regardless of financial cost. The group based deliberative approach, combined with participatory interventions, also resulted in significant learning for participants. This included a more sophisticated view of ecological-cultural linkages, greater recognition of deeper held values, and greater awareness of the consequences of human actions for the environment. The use of a group-based participatory approach instead of a conventional individual survey helped to overcome many of the practical difficulties associated with valuation in developing countries. Given the impact of learning on valuation outcomes, participation and deliberation should be integrated into valuation of any complex good, both in developing and developed economies. However, such a methodology raises questions about how valuation can deal with unwillingness to trade-off key ecosystem services, which results in the breakdown of monetary valuation methods. Evaluation of the appropriateness of valuation processes and methodologies for assessing deeper held values and use of mixed-method approaches will be essential to ensure policies take into account the extent to which human life is dependent on ecosystem services.     

Linkages between climate change and sustainable development

Abstract

Climate change does not yet feature prominently within the environmental or economic policy agendas of developing countries. Yet evidence shows that some of the most adverse effects of climate change will be in developing countries, where populations are most vulnerable and least likely to easily adapt to climate change, and that climate change will affect the potential for development in these countries. Some synergies already exist between climate change policies and the sustainable development agenda in developing countries, such as energy efficiency, renewable energy, transport and sustainable land-use policies. Despite limited attention from policy-makers to date, climate change policies could have significant ancillary benefits for the local environment. The reverse is also true as local and national policies to address congestion, air quality, access to energy services and energy diversity may also limit GHG emissions. Nevertheless there could be significant trade-offs associated with deeper levels of mitigation in some countries, for example where developing countries are dependent on indigenous coal and may be required to switch to cleaner yet more expensive fuels to limit emissions. The distributional impacts of such policies are an important determinant of their feasibility and need to be considered up-front. It follows that future agreements on mitigation and adaptation under the convention will need to recognise the diverse situations of developing countries with respect to their level of economic development, their vulnerability to climate change and their ability to adapt or mitigate. Recognition of how climate change is likely to influence other development priorities may be a first step toward building cost-effective strategies and integrated, institutional capacity in developing countries to respond to climate change. Opportunities may also exist in developing countries to use regional economic organisations to assist in the design of integrated responses and to exploit synergies between climate change and other policies such as those designed to combat desertification and preserve biodiversity.

© 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.     

Public policy and financial resource mobilization for wind energy in developing countries: A comparison of approaches and outcomes in China and India

We analyze and contrast how China and India mobilized financial resources to build domestic technological innovation systems in wind energy. To that end, we identify distinct stages of technology diffusion in the two countries in the period 1986–2012, and analyze the interplay between public policies and the development of the technological innovation system across the different stages. We show that the two countries’ distinct development strategies for wind energy – China developed wind energy largely through its state-owned enterprises, while India opened up wind energy investment to the private sector in the early 1990s – influenced system outcomes in terms of technology diffusion, domestic industry structure, competitiveness, and ownership. By unraveling the interplay between public policies, investment risks and returns, and actor characteristics, we explain the differences in system outcomes and identify important policy trade-offs between the two strategies. Our analysis provides novel insights about the process of financial resource mobilization in technological innovation systems, the dynamics of innovation-system growth, and the policy trade-offs that must be reconciled by countries that aim to promote the diffusion of a particular technology.     

试论河漫滩发育模式及其与气候变迁的关系

本文提出表达河漫滩发育特征的定量指标,并根据这一指标将河漫滩发育分为垂直加积型、过渡型和侧向加积型。在此基础上对河漫滩发育模式与河型特别是与气候因子的关系进行探讨。通过研究对河流发育过程中的古地理环境变迁作出一定的推论。从而对地质历史时期中区域环境的重建提供佐证。     

Fish catch data: Less than what meets the eye

A recent opinion piece published in Nature summarises the differing views held by Pauly on the one hand, and by Hilborn and Branch on the other, regarding the challenge faced by fishery scientists in accurately determining the status of the world's fisheries. Both commentaries discuss whether the fisheries catch data published by FAO can by themselves be used to infer fishery status. The purpose of this short communication is to examine both views and to propose additional solutions to contribute to the understanding of fishery status globally. These may include expanding data-poor stock assessment methods as well as community-based data collection and monitoring programs, particularly in developing countries.     

长江电子航道图制作规范与IHO ENC标准比较

将我国长江电子航道图制作规范与IHO ENC标准在数据传输、显示准则、数据有效性检验和数据保护方面进行分析比较,并结合生产实际需求提出部分修订建议。     

Automated detection of slum area change in Hyderabad,India using multitemporal satellite imagery

This paper presents an approach to automated identification of slum area change patterns in Hyderabad, India, using multi-year and multi-sensor very high resolution satellite imagery. It relies upon a lacunarity-based slum detection algorithm, combined with Canny- and LSD-based imagery pre-processing routines. This method outputs plausible and spatially explicit slum locations for the whole urban agglomeration of Hyderabad in years 2003 and 2010. The results indicate a considerable growth of area occupied by slums between these years and allow identification of trends in slum development in this urban agglomeration.     

元谋断裂带（晚）新生代构造应力场浅析

活动断裂带是形迹组合、构造地貌特征及力学性质相呼应的构造体系.以元谋断裂带(晚)新生代地层内发育的构造透镜体、剪节理、张性裂隙等形迹组合及其发育序列为研究对象,通过吴氏网下半球赤平投影、节理玫瑰花图及张性裂隙性质分析等研究方法,推测元谋断裂带自(晚)新生代以来主要受早期的北北东-南南西向和晚期(元谋运动之后,约80万年)的北北西-北西西向水平主压应力场作用,改变了构造活动性质并确立了现在的构造形迹、地貌.     

Geomorphology, natural hazards, vulnerability and prevention of natural disasters in developing countries

The significance of the prevention of natural disasters is made evident by the commemoration of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). This paper focuses on the role of geomorphology in the prevention of natural disasters in developing countries, where their impact has devastating consequences. Concepts such as natural hazards, natural disasters and vulnerability have a broad range of definitions; however, the most significant elements are associated with the vulnerability concept. The latter is further explored and considered as a key factor in understanding the occurrence of natural disasters, and consequently, in developing and applying adequate strategies for prevention. Terms such as natural and human vulnerabilities are introduce and explained as target aspects to be taken into account in the reduction of vulnerability and for prevention and mitigation of natural disasters. The importance of the incorporation not only of geomorphological research, but also of geomorphologists in risk assessment and management programs in the poorest countries is emphasized.