Modeling impacts of erosion and deposition on soil organic carbon in the Big Creek Basin of southern Illinois

Land use land cover (LULC) plays an important role in influencing the spatial intensity of water erosion which is the primary governor of horizontal translocation of soil organic carbon (SOC). The fate of redistributed SOC through erosion remains debatable and the mineralization rate of exposed SOC protected in soil aggregates is the major focus of this argument. Cohesive spatially explicit modeling of SOC and erosion can potentially reduce some of the controversy. To this end we simulated erosion/deposition, and photosynthetic (in situ) flux of SOC in a small watershed of ~ 28.42 ha, located in the Big Creek basin of southern Illinois. The main objectives of this research were: (a) to study erosion and deposition dynamics under different LULC, (b) to examine the extent of carbon dislocation and deposition possible in the study area, and (c) to determine the net SOC accretion and reduction possible by accounting for gains through annual photosynthesis and deposition, and losses from erosion under different LULC scenarios. To fulfill our objectives, we combined GeoWEPP, an erosion/deposition process model, with CENTURY 4.0, an ecosystem model used for simulating SOC. Our results show that between 11 and 31% of the eroded soil gets deposited in the same basin depending on the LULC type, leaving the remainder to be transported downstream. Additionally, as expected, SOC flux due to erosion and deposition varies with the type of management practices. In the case of conservation management practices, the flux associated with erosion and deposition remains below 10% in comparison to in situ SOC transformations due to annual photosynthesis. However in the case of non-conservation management practices this proportion rises above 50%.     

Deposition temperature of the AD 472 Pollena pyroclastic density current deposits, Somma-Vesuvius, Italy

The deposition temperature of the pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposits emplaced during the AD 472 Pollena eruption (Somma-Vesuvius, Italy) has been investigated using the thermal analysis of the magnetic remanence carried by lithic clasts embedded within the deposits. A total of 310 lithic clasts were collected from all the PDC units in the Pollena stratigraphic succession, at different distances from the inferred vent and at different stratigraphic levels. The temperature reached by each individual clast during residence in the PDC was estimated through stepwise thermal demagnetization, with the values from all clasts collected at each site being used to infer the deposition temperature (T _dep). Although the sedimentological features of these PDC deposits show some variation, the deposition temperature typically falls in the range 300 to 320°C, with a maximum range of 260 to 360°C. The fairly uniform temperature observed in both the dune bedded and massive deposits points to homogeneity in attainment of T _dep for the different deposits and suggests similarity in the depositional regime of the different PDCs and/or in heat transfer to lithic fragments. Similarity in depositional regime was also favoured by the limited control exerted by topography on the distribution of these PDCs, with the northern wall of the Somma caldera that did not act as a morphological barrier. As a result the currents were capable of moving away from the vent, without topographic disturbances and, thus, significant variations in the cooling regime. Because the Pollena eruption is considered similar to the maximum expected event at Somma-Vesuvius, the characteristics of its deposits best simulate the likely maximum hazard for the Vesuvius region. In this regard, Pollena produced hot, dilute PDCs which were able to travel up to 12 km from the vent maintaining high temperatures across this distance.     

银硐子—大西沟特大型银多金属矿床中重晶石岩类特征及成岩成矿作用

本文通过对银硐子特大型银多金属矿床中重晶石岩类的岩石学、矿物学、地球化学等特征研究和总结, 认为本区重晶石岩类是由热水流体同生沉积作用形成的。热水成岩成矿作用方式有两种, 重晶石单矿物岩成分纯度高, Ｂａ Ｓ Ｏ４ 的含量为 ７７２９％ ～９９３７％ , 其他成分混入少, 以热水快速化学沉淀的方式同生沉积形成; 重晶石岩类及银多金属矿石中, Ｂａ Ｏ（５６９％ ～２９０６％ ）、 Ｓｉ Ｏ２、 Ａｌ２ Ｏ３、 Ｆｅ２ Ｏ３ 、 Ｆｅ Ｏ、 Ｎａ２ Ｏ、 Ｓ、 Ｃｕ、 Ｐｂ、 Ｚｎ、 Ａｇ 等含量高, 是不同成分、性状热水混合触发的层流体系失稳造成矿质大量骤沉, 热水混合同生沉积作用形成了重晶石岩类及银多金属矿层。     

南沙群岛永暑礁环礁潟湖的沉积速率与气候变化

永暑礁南永 3井岩心是我国首次完整地获得的环礁湖沉积高分辨率柱样 ,井深 5 90m ,全为松散的生物骨壳碎屑。通过高精度TIMS铀系测年计算了沉积速率。全井柱样全新世晚期 16 82aBP以来的平均沉积速率为 3 5mm/a,比同礁同期的礁坪沉积速率 1 2 1mm/a高 ,是高分辨率古环境研究的理想材料。以全湖沉积柱平均沉积速率为准 ,将全柱划分为 4个沉积速率高低交替阶段。这同祖国大陆近 170 0年来的气温波动、冷热分期的变化大体上一致 ,反映了南沙群岛地区对中国大陆乃至全球的气候变化的响应。     

贵州丹寨地区南华系地层地球化学特征及其对古气候、古环境的意义

南华系是地球历史上最重要的成冰时期,为了示踪冰期前后的气候与环境的变化,本文通过对南华系细屑岩的化学成分分析,重塑南华系古气候、古环境的演化过程。分析结果显示铁丝坳组具有明显低的CIA指数以及低Ti/Al比值,说明该时期主要以寒冷干燥气候为主,化学风化程度低,物源供应和沉积速率相对较低,为冰期特征,隆里组和大塘坡组具有高的CIA指数以及相对较高的Ti/Al比值,表明该时期主要以温暖湿润气候为主,化学风化程度相对较高,物源供应和沉积速率相对较高,为间冰期特征。南沱组的CIA指数以及Ti/Al比值具有交替变化特征,说明南沱组沉积时期气候存在冷暖交替变化,反映了冰期与间冰期的相互转换特征。另外,在铁丝坳组顶部和大塘坡组的下部以及南沱组中上部,具有一定程度的正Eu异常,说明在南华系沉积时期,存在热液活动,而这种热液活动可能与冰期的消亡存在着成因联系。     

天山北麓黄土环境磁学特征及其古气候意义

新疆黄土-古土壤序列环境磁学参数的变化机理及其气候意义仍存在争议.本文选择天山北麓的中梁黄土剖面,系统开展了低温和常温下环境磁学参数的测试与研究,测量包括室温的磁化率与饱和磁化强度,以及磁化率与饱和剩余磁化强度的低温变化.结果发现,该剖面黄土和古土壤样品的磁性矿物主要由磁铁矿与磁赤铁矿组成,不含任何粒级成壤形成的超顺磁矿物颗粒,其磁化率信号主要记录了粉尘磁性矿物含量变化,较高的磁化率指示较强的风动力状况或者较近的风尘源区,新疆黄土的这种环境磁学"风尘输入模式"可用来重建干旱区的风动力强弱变化.     

四川地区上二叠统吴家坪组条带状硅质岩成因分析

四川盆地上二叠统吴家坪组条带状硅质岩分布广泛,所含生物主要为体小壳薄的有孔虫、介形虫、腕足类、双壳类等,缺乏放射虫,偶见海绵骨针.显微薄片显示,生物屑多被硅化,见残余方解石碎屑.MnO/TiO2值平均为4.5,Al-FeMn判别图解多数样品落干Ⅰ区,Co/Ni值平均为0.127,稀土元素总量平均为1.4778×10-6...     

A heuristic examination of cohesive sediment bed exchange in turbulent flows

Prediction of the concentration of suspended cohesive sediment in the marine environment is constrained by difficulties in interpreting experimental evidence on bed exchange, i.e. erosion and deposition of particles, which remains sparse in mechanistic details. In this paper, conditions under which bed exchange in turbulent flows collectively determines the concentration of suspended matter have been examined in the heuristic sense based on selective experimental data. It is argued that interpretation of such data can be significantly facilitated when multi-class representation of particle size, collisional interaction between suspended particles and probabilistic representations of the bed shear stress along with variables describing particle behavior (critical shear stress for deposition, bed floc shear strength) are taken into account. Aggregation—floc growth and breakup kinetics—brings about shifts in the suspended particle size distribution; bed exchange is accordingly modulated and this in turn determines concentration dynamics. Probabilistic representation of the governing variables broadens the suspended sediment size spectrum by increasing the possibilities of inter-particle interactions relative to the mean-value representation. Simple models of bed exchange, which essentially rely on single-size assumption and mean-value representation of variables, overlook the mechanistic basis underpinning particle dynamics.     

泥石流流速、堆积模式与降雨量关系模拟实验设计

本文以贾峪东沟为研究对象,介绍了泥石流流速,堆积模式与降雨量关系模拟实验目的,方法、装置和物料。并提出最大堆积长度、宽度和厚度与降雨量的关系,降雨量与泥石流扇状地危险范围的关系,堆积形态比与降雨量的关系及流速与降雨量的关系。