全球大气再分析资料的研究现状与进展

在过去十多年,利用资料同化技术再分析过去的气象观测资料,重建高时空分辨率的格点历史气候数据集取得了长足发展。再分析资料的问世为人们深入了解大气运动的方式、认识不同时空尺度内气候变化和变率提供了强有力的、甚至不可替代的研究工具。就当前国际上一些主要的全球大气再分析资料研究计划及其产品的概况、再分析资料在大气科学及其相关研究领域中的应用、再分析资料的评估及其在气候变化研究中存在的一些主要质量问题做了回顾与介绍,并就未来大气再分析资料研究计划的一些发展趋势予以展望。     

浅谈我国建筑节能发展概况

建筑节能是一门综合性学科,根据我国建筑耗能概况,发展新兴节能技术成为我国建筑节能设计的研究方向。其中,智能化建筑的能量监控,可以更好的节约能源。讨论我国节能设计的三大误区,并且参考了四个发达国家的建筑节能措施。呼吁以可持续发展为原则进行建筑设计。     

东北农田扩张对气候影响的数值模拟

基于1990、2005年两期不同土地利用/覆盖资料,利用区域环境集成模拟系统(RIEMS2.0)分别进行2次连续15年数值模拟,探讨东北土地利用/覆盖变化对气候的影响,分析集中于气温和降水等要素变化上,并对结果进行统计显著性检验。结果表明:(1)东北农田扩张后,东北夏季和冬季平均气温降低,降水减少,并且农田面积扩张的范围越大,气温变化幅度也越大。在夏季,黑河西部、呼伦贝尔南部部分地区降温超过0.5°C,并通过显著性检验(P0.05),大兴安岭南部、黑河西部等地区夏季降水减少20%左右,其中产生减少的大部分区域通过显著性检验(P0.05)。(2)东北农田扩张通过影响潜热通量的变化和净吸收辐射通量的变化来影响气温的变化,其中东北南部土地利用/覆盖类型变化主要表现为短草类型转变为农田类型,这使得夏季蒸散发增加,潜热通量增加,气温降低。(3)东北农田扩张也影响大气环流场的变化,并与降水的变化有密切的关系。辽宁西部和东北北部部分地区夏季蒸散发增加,大气中水汽增加,但是由于大气环流场变化,降水在这两个地区并未增加。     

冬季中东急流与中国气候异常的联系

用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160站降水和气温资料,研究了冬季中东急流与中国气候异常的联系。结果表明:中东急流偏强、位置偏东南时,200 hPa上孟加拉湾、中南半岛及中国南海西风加强,而中国30°N以北西风减弱,相应地东亚急流减弱;500 hPa上西欧脊加强且东欧大槽加深,伴随孟加拉湾北部南支槽加深而东亚大槽减弱,有利于欧洲中东部冷空气频繁向东南方向活动,并一直影响到中国西南部;850 hPa上缅甸、中南半岛、华南沿海的西南风距平,有利于孟加拉湾水汽向华南地区输送;上述大气环流异常有利于华南地区降水显著增加,长江上游地区气温下降特别是西南地区气温显著降低,东北地区气温升高;反之亦然。     

Intellectual property rights and low carbon technology transfer: Conflicting discourses of diffusion and development

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) and the transfer of low carbon technologies to developing countries have been the focus of sustained disagreement between many developed and developing country Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We argue that this disagreement stems from two conflicting political discourses of economic development and low carbon technology diffusion which tend to underpin developing and developed countries’ respective motivations for becoming party to the Convention. We illustrate the policy implications of these discourses by examining empirical evidence on IPRs and low carbon technology transfer and highlight how the two discourses are based on an incomplete understanding of the role of technological capacity in either economic development or technology diffusion. This has important implication for the success of post-2012 international climate agreements.     

‘Strange changes’: Indigenous perspectives of climate change and adaptation in NE Arnhem Land (Australia)

Despite growing global attention to the development of strategies and policy for climate change adaptation, there has been little allowance for input from Indigenous people. In this study we aimed to improve understanding of factors important in integration of Yolngu perspectives in planning adaptation policy in North East Arnhem Land (Australia). We conducted workshops and in-depth interviews in two ‘communities’ to develop insight into Yolngu peoples’ observations and perspectives on climate change, and their ideas and preferences for adaptation. All participants reported observing changes in their ecological landscape, which they attributed to mining, tourism ‘development’, and climate change. ‘Strange changes’ noticed particularly in the last five years, had caused concern and anxiety among many participants. Despite their concern about ecological changes, participants were primarily worried about other issues affecting their community's general welfare. The results suggest that strategies and policies are needed to strengthen adaptive capacity of communities to mitigate over-arching poverty and well-being issues, as well as respond to changes in climate. Participants believed that major constraints to strengthening adaptive capacity had external origins, at regional, state and federal levels. Examples are poor communication and engagement, top-down institutional processes that allow little Indigenous voice, and lack of recognition of Indigenous culture and practices. Participants’ preferences for strategies to strengthen community adaptive capacity tended to be those that lead towards greater self-sufficiency, independence, empowerment, resilience and close contact with the natural environment. Based on the results, we developed a simple model to highlight main determinants of community vulnerability. A second model highlights components important in facilitating discourse on enhancing community capacity to adapt to climatic and other stressors.     

Recent climate trends on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

In arid regions, mountains fulfill important ecological and economic functions for the surrounding lowlands. In the scenario of global warming, mountain ecosystems change rapidly, especially in the arid region of northwestern China. This paper provides an assessment of the changes in temperature and precipitation in the historical records of climate on the northern slopes of the eastern Tianshan Mountains. A Mann-Kendall nonparametric trend and Sen＇s tests are employed to analyze the interannual changes and innerannual variability in temperature and precipitatiofi in the regions of low to high altitude. The present study finds that the largest increases in annual temperature are observed at stations in the low altitude regions. The significant increasing trends in temperature tend to occur mainly in late winter and early spring at stations from middle to high altitude, but in summer and autumn at stations of low altitudes. The increasing trends in annual precipitation are found from the middle to high altitude areas, but decreasing trends are found in the low altitude areas. The significant increasing trends in precipitation occur mostly in winter and earlier spring at stations from the middle to high altitudes, while the increasing and decreasing trend coexists at stations of low altitude with most of the significant trend changes occurring in March, June and August.     

川东伏旱与日月食关系及其预测

日月食等天文现象使日、月球对地球的引潮力迅速增长，从而影响天气气候的变化，经分析表明，日月食与当年川东盛夏旱涝气候的发生关系密切。利用日月食出现日期、运行轨迹在若干年前就可以计算出来，信息来源特别超前的这一特点，制作出２１世纪初气候预测。预计：２１世纪初的前１０年，川东有６年为伏旱年，４年为轻或无伏旱年。     

重要经济发展区域间海运网络时空演变特性分析

“海上丝绸之路”沿线国家（MSR）、金砖国家（BRICS）、美日韩（AJK）是重要经济发展区域。研究其海运网络的时空演变规律有助于国家层面的贸易竞争均衡分析,对海运战略科学部署和智慧应对具有十分重要的意义。AIS（Automatic Identification System）数据具有实时性,且已基本覆盖全球港口的近海区域,能为海运网络提供及时分析的数据支撑。本文利用AIS数据挖掘MSR、BRICS、AJK的运输网络时空演变规律,结果表明,MSR散货、集装箱、油轮的内部网络结构的变化明显大于AJK和BRICS,说明“一带一路”倡议促进了MSR的内部海运贸易;MSR、AJK和BRICS的外部网络结构变化2013-2016年都较大,说明“一带一路”倡议的实施期间,MSR、AJK和BRICS 3个区域之间的海运贸易变化较大;3个区域的集装箱、油轮吞吐量加权的内外部海运网络结构2015-2016年较2013-2014年更为稳定,随着“一带一路”倡议的实施,这3个区域内部和区域之间的吞吐量加权海运网络结构变化幅度逐步减小。“一带一路”倡议对不同的经济发展区域的影响不同,对MSR的内外部海运网络结构都产生了一定影响,对BRICS散货、集装箱、油轮型海运网络的影响呈现差异化特征,对AJK内部海运网络没有影响,对AJK的外部网络产生了部分影响。提高MSR的海运贸易吞吐量,提升MSR在海运网络中的贸易地位,仍是当前的发展重点。