The relationship between ENSO cycle and high and low-flow in the upper Yellow River

Firstly, the hydrological and meteorological features of the upper reaches of the Yellow River above Tangnag are analyzed based on observation data, and effects of EI Nino and La Nina events on the high and low flow in the upper Yellow River are discussed. The results show El Nino and La Nina events possess consanguineous relationship with runoff in the upper Yellow River. As a whole, the probability of low flow occurrence in the upper Yellow River is relatively great along with the occurrence of El Nino event. Moreover, the flood in the upper Yellow River occurs frequently with the occurrence of La Nina event. Besides, the results also show dissimilarity of El Nino event occurring time exerts greater impact on high flow and low flow in the upper Yellow River, that is, the probability of drought will be greater in the same year if El Nino event occurs in spring, the high-flow may happen in this year if El Nino occurs in summer or autumn; the longer the continuous period of El Nino is, the lower the runoff in the upper Yellow River is.     

13X沸石对Ni2+吸附性能的实验研究

在静态条件下，实验研究了13X沸石的用量、温度、时间、溶液pH值、初始Ni^2 质量浓度对Ni^2 吸附性能的。结果表明：在室温下，13X沸石对Ni^2 的吸附平衡时间为15min，对Ni^2 的最大吸附量为49.7mg/g沸石；静态等温吸附过程符合Langmiur吸附等温方程式；13X沸石对Ni^2 的吸附机理为离子交换吸附和表面络合吸附。     

沱江上游长期洪水预报初探

沱江上游洪水属典型天然河道洪水特性,采用历史洪水系列,分析了厄尔尼诺现象和太阳黑子活动对沱江上游洪水的影响,并通过分析周期变化规律及数理统计分析预报等多种方法,综合分析了各种相关因子对沱江上游三皇庙水文站历年最大流量的影响,从而提高了沱江上游长期洪水预报精度。     

四川大槽地区铂、钯地球化学异常源的示踪与镍矿体的发现

通过对四川大槽地区水系沉积物铂、钯异常源的示踪和查证,发现镍矿体中伴生的铂钯是水系沉积物中的铂钯源,通过土壤测量和岩石剖面测量,发现一镍矿体,平均镍含量为0.23%,铂 钯矿的最高品位0.4g/t,地表矿体已控制规模为130m宽,325m长,显示该地区具有较大的找矿远景。     

Coral Reef Community Structure at Caño Island, Pacific Costa Rica

Abstract. Around the Biological Reserve of Caño Island, Pacific Costa Rica, there are five large coral reef flats (with size ranges of 0.8–4.2 ha) built mainly of dead Pocillopora spp. At present, they are covered mainly by crustose coralline algae and microatolls of Porites lobata . From the upper reef slope to the reef base several corals grow in small patches (e. g., Pavona clavus, Pavona varians, Pavona gigantea, Gardineroseris planulata, Psammocora superficialis, Pocillopora elegans, Pocillopora damicornis); the massive coral Porites Iobata is predominant. Pocilloporid species are predominant on most other eastern Pacific reefs.
The Caño Island reef is typical of a community whose structure has been controlled by both physical (in shallow water) and biological (in deeper water) factors. Shallow reef areas are influenced by strong wave action and extreme low tides. The distribution, abundance, and feeding preferences of corallivorous organisms (e. g., Acanthaster planci, Arothron meleagris, Pseudobalistes naufragium, Quoyula monodonta) on the deeper reef suggest that most pocilloporids are affected and limited by them. Although there is no evidence of any predator on Porites lobata at Caño Island, the triggerfish Pseudobalistes naufragium breaks off fragments of the coral while searching for food. These fragments often survive to form new colonies. Together, this dispersal mechanism, rapid injury recovery, and high resistance to environmental stress seem to enhance the distribution and dominance of the massive coral Porites lobata at Caño Island.     

Flux of nutrients in the Gulf of California: Geostrophic approach

Continental margins exert a strong influence on global biogeochemical cycles; however there have been relatively few attempts to quantify either the magnitude or nature of temporal variability in material fluxes. At present here are no reports on nutrient fluxes at the mouth of the Gulf of California (GC) so further information is needed to provide estimated values from direct measurements. From 1995–1999 during five cruises covering all seasons, seawater samples were collected and measured the nutrient content from the surface to the bottom (some deeper than 2500 m) from a repeated hydrographic sections at the mouth of the GC. This chemical and physical database is unique because it covers an area with important biogeochemical signs, which has been detected as one of the highest in primary productivity of the world oceans. These sections are perpendicular to the coastlines of the Mexican states of Baja California Sur (BCS) and Sinaloa. In this section, the most dynamic area was the surface waters in February 1999 with strong geostrophic currents and temperatures of 20 ± 1.5 °C; salinity 35.091 ± 0.156; pH 8.16 ± 0.13; phosphate 0.85 ± 0.42 μM, nitrate + nitrite 2.35 ± 2.94 μM, and ammonia 2.00 ± 1.25 μM (average ± standard deviation).Geostrophic velocities were computed from high-resolution CTD sections across the entrance to the GC. During winter and spring, the outflow occurred near BCS and the inflow occurred either through the center of the section and/or along the Sinaloa coast. Both inflow and outflow cores were 45 km wide and extended deeper than 700 m. Summer and fall showed a complex pattern, alternating cores of inflow and outflow but with inflow along Sinaloa on all cruises. The maximum flow into the Gulf occurs during May in the center of the section while outflow was concentrated along BCS. Mascarenhas et al. [Mascarenhas, A., Castro, R., Collins, C.A., Durazo, R., 2004. Seasonal variation of geostrophic velocity and heat flux at the entrance to the Gulf of California, Mexico. Journal Geophysical Research, 2124.] calculated the section mean geostrophic velocity that was composed of two alternating cores of inflow and outflow. The two cores that were adjacent to either coast were broader and contained the highest inflow (0.40 m s^− 1) and outflow (− 0.25 m s^− 1) velocities, supporting the general idea of inflow along the Sinaloa and an outflow along BCS.The highest nutrient fluxes occur during El Niño conditions in November 1997 with outflows as high as 54.5 Tg yr^− 1 for Phosphate, 43.0 Tg yr^− 1 for Nitrate and 31.7 Tg yr^− 1 for Ammonia, this values were at least three times higher than in February 1999.     

El Niño phenomenon in simple ocean data assimilation data

[1]Battisti D S. 1988. The dynamics and     

A poleward jet and an equatorward undercurrent observed off Oregon and northern California, during the 1997–98 El Niño

The timing and intensity of the effects of the 1997–98 El Niño on sea-surface temperature (SST) and coastal sea level along the US west coast are examined using in situ time-series measurements, and the effects on upper ocean currents on the continental shelf and slope off Oregon and northern California are examined using repeated shipborne ADCP transects, a mid-shelf mooring off Newport Oregon and an HF surface current radar. An initial transient positive anomaly was observed in both adjusted sea level and SST during May–June 1997, followed by anomalously high coastal sea levels, generally strongest during September 1997 through February 1998 and abruptly returned to normal in late February 1998, and by positive temperatures anomalies over the mid-shelf that persisted longer, into April 1998. Low-frequency coastal sea-level anomalies propagated poleward at 2.1 m/s. Poleward flow over the shelf and slope was enhanced at most depths during the El Niño, compared with following years. Northward currents in the upper 12 m over the continental shelf off Newport, Oregon averaged 13.7 cm/s stronger during August 1997 through February 1998 than during the same period the following year. Enhanced poleward flow was present at all latitudes sampled during November 1997 and February 1998, particularly over the continental slope. These transects also provided clear views of a fall/winter equatorward undercurrent, which was both strongest and had the most alongshore similarity of form, during the ENSO. Finally, subsurface-intensified anticyclonic eddies originating in the poleward undercurrent appear to be a recurrent feature of the circulation off Newport late in the upwelling season.     

赤道太平洋-印度洋海洋上层海温分析

用来自美国Scripps海洋研究所的海温再分析资料,通过对1955-2001年赤道印度洋和太平洋上层0-400m的海温月平均距平分析,讨论了该两大洋海温之间的联系,得到了一些有意义的结果.赤道印度洋和太平洋虽然有马来半岛、苏门答腊岛、爪哇岛等岛屿阻隔,但海洋上层海温距平在东西方向上的分布是连续的,基本呈正负正或者负正负的分布格局,这3大冷暖中心分别位于赤道中印度洋、赤道东印度洋-西太平洋和赤道中东太平洋,正负区域的交界处分别位于印度洋80°E和太平洋160°-135°W附近,正好对应于赤道印度洋和太平洋温跃层深度的不连续处,在该不连续处赤道印度洋的温跃层深度变化大于太平洋的温跃层深度变化.在赤道印度洋和太平洋的3大冷暖中心中,赤道东印度洋-西太平洋的冷暖中心是一个系统,在太平洋它的移动路径是由赤道西太平洋出发,沿着赤道向东,到赤道东太平洋转向北,到10°N再转向西,到赤道西太平洋再转向南回到赤道西太平洋,组成一个逆时针回路;而在印度洋则是由赤道东印度洋出发,向赤道西北印度洋移动,和赤道中南印度洋组成一个逆时针回路;而且这2个移动回路是同时存在的,由赤道东印度洋和西太平洋开始分别同时完成冷暖中心交替的时间大约是10个月.     

赤道太平洋上层海洋垂向温度梯度距平与El Nio的关系

用赤道太平洋长达21a的温度资料以及经验正交函数(EOF)分析方法,讨论了在5°S-5°N平均纬向垂直剖面上赤道太平洋垂向温度梯度距平的时空变化,得到了一些有意义的结果。赤道太平洋垂向温度梯度距平EOF分析第1模态的正/负位相反映了El Nino/La Nina发生前赤道太平洋温跃层的分布,第2模态的正/负位相反映了El Nino/La Nina鼎盛以及开始衰减时赤道太平洋温跃层的分布。根据我们对赤道太平洋温跃层核心位置的定义,在El Nino向LaNina转换的过程中,赤道东太平洋温跃层上升了30-40m,而赤道中太平洋温跃层先是上升了40-50m,然后又下降了40-50m,赤道西太平洋温跃层下降了90m;随着赤道西太平洋暖水的堆积以及东移,温跃层首先在赤道西太平洋加深,El Nino发生前赤道中东太平洋温跃层开始加深,El Nino达到鼎盛时赤道西太平洋温跃层抬升,而赤道中东太平洋温跃层加深;赤道太平洋垂向温度梯度距平EOF分析第1特征向量的时间系数与Nino3区的SST距平有非常好的相关,并且超前于Nino3区的SST距平,超前3个月的相关系数高达0.7017,超前6个月的相关系数高达0.6467,因此可以用该量来预测Nino3区的SST距平。