青藏高原的地幔结构:地幔羽、地幔剪切带及岩石圈俯冲板片的拆沉

正断层位移长度关系是近年来研究正断层的一种常用方法 ,它将断层的研究从二维扩展到三维。研究正断层位移长度关系对于研究正断层演化、盆地演化以及油气勘探等方面具有重要意义。讨论了影响正断层位移距离剖面形态的主要因素 :断层端的脆韧性变形、围岩强度、远程应力以及断层之间的相互作用和连接等。根据正断层位移距离剖面的几何形态和断层发育阶段 ,可将断层的位移模式分为 3个类型 :(1)对称的椭圆状或钟状代表简单的单条断层 ;(2 )不对称的似椭圆状或钟状代表断层间的相互作用 ;(3)不规则的锯齿状代表由多条断层连接而成的断层。介绍了伴随正断层发育的传递斜坡、盆内高地等构造单元以及断层位移距离剖面的测量制作方法。测量时应注意恢复其剥蚀部分。     

局地热力强迫与准定常大振幅扰动的形成

文中导得了包括热力强迫和耗散的非线性强迫ＫｄＶ－Ｂｕｒｇｅｒｓ方程,并作了数值求解。计算结果表明,热力强迫和耗散是孤波质量和能量变化的主要原因,耗散使孤波质量能量随时间指数衰减;热力强迫与地形一样,都能在强迫区产生定常孤波,但前者产生的上游扰动振幅更大,而后者产生的下游扰动更为明显;加热和地形一样都能使孤波发生位相漂移,减小其移速,阻挡孤波的移动,从而增加与孤波的相互作用时间;适当大小的耗散与热力强迫的组合迫使移动性孤波在强迫区附近来回振荡,大大增加与热力强迫的相互作用时间;在耗散与热力强迫同时存在的非线性系统中,移动性孤波与热力强迫的相互作用可能是产生阻塞等长生命周期的局地准定常系统的重要因子。     

Interaction between a slowly moving planetary—scale dipole envelope rossby soliton and a wavenumber— two topography in a forced higher order nonlinear Schrödinger equation

A parametrically excited higher-order nonlinear Schr dinger (NLS) equation is derived to describe the interaction of a ,slowly moving planetary-scale envelope Rossby soliton for zonal wavenumber-two with a wavenumber-two topography under the LG-type dipole near-resonant condition. The numerical solution of this equation is made. It is found that in a weak background westerly wind satisfying the LG-type dipole near-resonance condition, when an incipient envelope Rossby soliton is located in the topographic trough and propagates slowly, it can be amplified through the near-resonant forcing of wavenumber-two topography and can exhibit an oscillation.However, this soliton can break up after a long time and excite a train of small amplitude waves that propagate westward. In addition, it is observed that in the soliton-topography interaction the topographically near-resonantly forced planetary-scale soliton has a slowly westward propagation, but a slowly eastward propagation after a certain time. The instantaneous total streamfunction fields of the topographically forced planetary-scale soliton are found to bear remarkable resemblance to the initiation, maintenance and decay of observed omega-type blocking high and dipole blocking. The soliton perturbation theory is used to examine the role of a wavenumber-two topography in near-resonantly forcing omega-type blocking high and dipole blocking. It can be shown that in the amplifying process of forced planetary-scale soliton, due to the inclusion of the higher order terms its group velocity gradually tends to be equal to its phase velocity so that the block envelope and carrier wave can be phase-locked at a certain time.This shows that the initiation of blocking is a transfer of amplified envelope soliton system from dispersion to nondispersion. However, there exists a reverse process during the decay of blocking. It appears that in the higher latitude regions, the planetary-scale envelope soliton-topography interaction could be regarded as a possible mechanism of the establishment of blocking.     

1979年2月平流层持续性暖平流与阻塞形势的相互联系

本文利用1979年2月的FGGE资料,诊断分析了北半球冬季平流层内持续性暖平流与对流层阻塞形势的相互联系。分析指出:北大西洋平流层持续性暖平流提供了对流层阻塞形势形成、维持的可能机制和引起对流层内持续的暖平流强度随高度减小的形势,通过斜压机制造成北大西洋阻塞高压在对流层内形成和维持。 垂直运动场的分析表明:平流层持续性暖平流作为一种强的引导,从对流层到平流层产生强烈上升运动,在对流层上层和平流层下层高压脊后产生强的辐散,反气旋性涡度使得下游高压脊发展。文中还指出:平流层内暖平流与对流层阻塞高压同时具有持续性、区域性及准静止性的特点。     

Barotropic interaction between planetary- and synoptic-scale waves during the life cycles of blockings

1. IntroductionIn the mid--high latitudes, l' blocking flow" is an importaht part of the low--frequency variability of the atmospheric circulation. Owing to its longevity and large amplitude, a blocking flow configuration can usually cause prolonged anomalous weather situations over certain extratropical regions. Therefore, it has been a primary interest of many synoptic anddynamical meteorologists. In the past decades, the interaction of planetary waves with migratory, synoptic--scale waves h…     

The role of volcanic eruptions in blocking the drainage leading to the Dead Sea formation

The shrinkage of the Lisan Lake (LL) to form the recent Dead Sea (DS) was mainly a result of the reduction of the catchment area from around 157,000 km² during Late Pleistocene to 43,000 km² presently. The reduction in the catchment area resulted from the eruption and spread of the basalt flows of Jabal Arab-Druz (JAD), which together with the resulting deposition of thick rock debris and gravels occupied the drainage system. The filling of the pre-basalt drainage system, which used to feed the Dead Sea, with basalts and alluvial sediments blocked the inflows from reaching the Dead Sea. Local base levels along the basalt flow boarders such as Azraq Oasis, Sirhan Basin and Damascus Oasis, and numerous pools and mud flats were created.     

条件非线性最优扰动法在大气与海洋目标观测研究中的应用

对近年来用条件非线性最优扰动法研究大气与海洋目标观测问题的部分工作进行了总结,主要涉及厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）事件、黑潮路径变异事件以及阻塞事件。通过研究这些事件发生的最优前期征兆（OPR）和最快增长初始误差（OGE）,发现这些事件的最优前期征兆和最快增长初始误差分别具有空间的高度相似性及其伴随的局地性特征。理想回报试验表明,如果在ENSO事件和黑潮路径变异事件的最快增长初始误差和最优前期征兆所确定的扰动大值区减小初始场误差,上述事件的预报技巧会大幅度提高;最优前期征兆和最快增长初始误差的空间相似性使得在同一敏感区域增加额外观测,不仅有助于捕捉上述异常事件的前期信号,还可以有效减小初始误差,从而提高对该事件的预报技巧。阻塞事件爆发的最优前期征兆和最快增长初始误差的空间相似性和局地性特征在其目标观测研究中的应用,应该是深入研究的课题。     

2008年6月南方强降水天气分析及TIGGE预报检验

利用观测系统研究与可预报性试验的交互式全球大集合系统(TIGGE),对中国夏季南方强降水高影响天气过程,进行了可预报性研究.选取2008年6月中下旬中国南方地区持续性强降雨过程作为典型个例,对TIGGE的天气形势等预报,进行了详细的检验.结果显示,500 hPa上位于中国北部地区的阻塞高压及其西侧的低槽为本次过程的关键系统,对降水过程起到决定性作用.检验结果表明,TIGGE对关键系统的预报,普遍出现强度偏弱位置偏西的问题.ECMWF对500 hPa高度场预报最优,而850 hPa的比湿则是NCEP最佳,但多中心大集合预报则保持较好优势,对各单中心有不同程度的改善作用,而TIGGE对于这类灾害性天气的10 d的预报能力有限.