The role of Pacific water in the dramatic retreat of arctic sea ice during summer 2007

A model study is conducted to examine the role of Pacific water in the dramatic retreat of arctic sea ice during summer 2007. The model generally agrees with the observations in showing considerable seasonal and interannual variability of the Pacific water inflow at Bering Strait in response to changes in atmospheric circulation. During summer 2007 anomalously strong southerly winds over the PaCific sector of the Arctic Ocean strengthen the ocean circulation and bring more Pacific water into the Arctic than the recent （2000-2006） average. The simulated summer （3 months ） 2007 mean Pacific water inflow at Bering Strait is 1.2 Sv, which is the highest in the past three decades of the simulation and is 20% higher than the recent average. Particularly, the Pacific water inflow in September 2007 is about 0.5 Sv or 50% above the 2000-2006 average. The strengthened warm Pacific water inflow carries an additional 1.0 x 1020 Joules of heat into the Arctic, enough to melt an additional 0.5 m of ice over the whole Chukchi Sea. In the model the extra summer oceanic heat brought in by the Pacific water mainly stays in the Chukchi and Beaufort region, contributing to the warming of surface waters in that region. The heat is in constant contact with the ice cover in the region in July through September. Thus the Pacific water plays a role in ice melting in the Chukchi and Beaufort region all summer long in 2007, likely contributing to up to O. 5 m per month additional ice melting in some area of that region.     

近70年重庆盛夏凉热特点及其成因分析

利用近７０年（１９２４－１９９４）重庆气温资料，分析了重庆盛夏季节（７－８月）凉热的气候特点，并对其成因进行探讨，采用了均值生成函数和非线性多元回归方法建立了盛夏气温预报模型。     

黑龙江：仨月跨“三季”？

“昨日,一南方人来哈尔滨游玩,下飞机后,感觉困倦,找到宾馆后睡下。一觉醒来,拉开窗帘一看,窗外漫天飘雪,路上的行人都穿着厚厚的棉衣,顿时嚎啕大哭,‘我怎么睡了大半年啊,来的时候明明是夏天,从夏天睡到冬天!这房费可怎么结啊!’”这是今年5月在网上疯狂转载的有关于哈尔滨天气趋势的一则调侃,虽然略显夸张,但也真实反映出当时哈尔滨天气之变幻莫测。     

被风吹过的夏天

即使是走在无人的旷野,“国土人”的脚步也会很轻、很轻,因为呵护和溺爱,他们深怕踩痛脚下这片土地。     

Variations in the starting date of the pre-summer rainy season in South China, 1736–2010

The starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season during historical times （1736- 1911） in Fuzhou and Guangzhou of South China, were determined and reconstructed on the basis of historical documents in the Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun archive, together with observed features of precipitation during the pre-summer rainy season. In addition, starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season from 1953 in Fuzhou and from 1952 in Guangzhou were reconstructed for the instrumental period. These data allowed for analyses of inter-annual and inter-decadal changes in the starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season in South China over the past 300 years. Results show that the mean starting date of the pre-summer rainy season in South China was the first pentad of May; in addition, periodicities in the starting dates of 2-3 years, 10 years, and 40 years were detected during the period 1736-1911, and of 2-3 years, 10 years, and 22 years during the instrumental period. From 1736 to 1911, the earliest starting dates at Fuzhou and Guangzhou both occurred at the fourth pentad of April, while the latest starting dates were at the sixth pentad of May in Fuzhou and the first pentad of June in Guangzhou. During the instrumental period, the earliest and latest starting dates were at the fourth pentad of April and the first pentad of June, respectively, in both Fuzhou during 1953-2010 and Guangzhou during 1952-2010. The maximum difference between neighboring decades during 1736-1911 was 2.2 and 1.6 pentads in Fuzhou and Guangzhou, respectively, and during the instrumental period it was 2.5 and 2.4 pentads in Fuzhou and Guangzhou, respectively.     

“海上故宫”全新登场 这个夏天不容忽略的旅游新坐标：国家海洋博物馆

夏天是旅游旺季,今年夏天,一个具有里程碑意义的“超重量级”旅游新坐标即将闪亮登场,值得我们热切关注,那就是一被誉为“海上故宫”的国家海洋博物馆。国家海洋博物馆是中国第一座国家级、综合性、公益性的海洋博物馆,坐落于天津滨海新区,是一个集收藏保护、展示教育、科学研究、交流传播、旅游观光等功能于一体的海洋科技交流平台和标志性文化设施,其地位堪比北京故宫博物院,被誉为“海上故宫”。     

夏天少戴金属首饰

夏季是展示首饰的季节，但是，人们在爱美的同时，往往忽视了其含有的成分可能会导致接触性皮炎。     

Archaeal diversity and abundance within different layers of summer sea-ice and seawater from Prydz Bay,Antarctica

Fluorescence in-situ hybridization （FISH） and 16S rRNA gene clone library analyses were used to determine the abundance and diversity of archaea in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. Correlation analysis was also performed to assess links between physicochemical parameters and archaeal abundance and diversity within the sea-ice. Samples of sea-ice and seawater were collected during the 26th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. The results of FISH showed that archaea were relatively abundant within the top layer of the sea-ice, and correlation analysis suggested that the concentration of 4NH＋ might be one of the main factors underlying this distribution pattern. However, using 16S rRNA gene libraries, archaea were not detected in the top and middle layers of the sea-ice. All archaeal clones obtained from the bottom layer of the sea-ice were grouped into the Marine Group I Crenarchaeota while the archaeal clones from seawater were assigned to Marine Group I Crenarchaeota, Marine Group II Euryarchaeota, and Marine Group III Euryarchaeota. Overall, the ifndings of this study showed that the diversity of archaea in the sea-ice in Prydz Bay was low.     

Numerical experiments on the impact of spring north pacific SSTA on NPO and unusually cool summers in Northeast China

A set of numerical experiments designed to analyze the oceanic forcing in spring show that the combined forcing of cold （warm） El Ni（n）o （La Ni（n）a） phases in the Ni（n）o4 region and sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTA） in the westerly drifts region would result in abnormally enhanced NorthEast Cold Vortex （NECV） activities in early summer.In spring,the central equatorial Pacific El Ni（n）o phase and westerly drift SSTA forcing would lead to the retreat of non-adiabatic waves,inducing elliptic low-frequency anomalies of tropical air flows.This would enhance the anomalous cyclone-anticyclonecyclone-anticyclone low-frequency wave train that propagates from the tropics to the extratropics and further to the mid-high latitudes,constituting a major physical mechanism that contributes to the early summer circulation anomalies in the subtropics and in the North Pacific mid-high latitudes.The central equatorial Pacific La Ni（n）a forcing in the spring would,on the one hand,induce teleconnection anomalies of high pressure from the Sea of Okhotsk to the Sea of Japan in early summer,and on the other hand indirectly trigger a positive low-frequency East Asia-Pacific teleconnection （EAP） wave train in the lower troposphere.     

弄堂、馄炖和上海人

儿时在上海的弄堂里有过五年的生活经历,虽然已经过了好多年,然而记忆所及,却依然那么鲜活、那么亲切。 夏天的夜总是来得很晚,傍晚吃饭时窗外还有明晃晃的光亮。当天开始暗下来的时候,弄堂就真正迎来了一天最惬意的时刻。屋里热,家家户户的小餐桌都摆在了两米见宽的弄堂路上。这边吃罢晚饭后的残羹尚未撤去,西瓜啊茶点啊绿豆汤啊倒开始上了桌。老人家们选好顺风位眯着眼在躺椅上摇着蒲扇,男人们啜口茶下盘棋打打牌,主妇们在灶间操持着剩下的家务侃着家长里短还不时瞄一眼自家的男人打牌是输是赢。