GIS比赛引领专业人才培养

GIS作为一种专业技术性强的学科与工具,随着高校转向技术型人才的培养,如何通过GIS比赛引领专业人才培养成为一个值得关注的问题。针对目前国内GIS专业的培养方案、课程设置、GIS比赛方式和比赛内容,在参加GIS比赛后暴露的GIS教学等相关问题,提出将GIS比赛纳入GIS人才培养中以及将GIS比赛纳入课程教学体系,使GIS比赛贯穿于大学教育的始终,让在校大学生在每个阶段参加不同GIS比赛或组别,采取以赛促学、以赛促教来补充GIS的教学内容和形式,提升学生综合素质能力,引领GIS专业人才的培养。     

基于评分最优化的模式降水预报订正算法对比

使用2013年1月1日-2016年1月7日全国气象站观测资料,应用准对称混合滑动训练期,不改变雨带预报位置和形态,基于模式降水预报订正结果的TS评分最优化及ETS评分最优化,分别设计最优TS评分订正法（OTS）和最优ETS评分订正法（OETS）确定预报日各级降水订正系数,对2014-2015年降水数值预报进行分级订正,并与频率匹配法（FM）对比。结果表明:在24 h累积降水的多个预报时效订正中,无论是对欧洲中期天气预报中心、日本气象厅、美国国家环境预报中心和中国气象局的全球模式降水预报,还是对4个模式的简单多模式平均,OTS和OETS较FM在TS评分和ETS评分等传统降水检验指标上均更优秀,其中OTS在所有时效均能提高模式降水预报质量,为三者最优。在概率空间的稳定公平误差评分方面,OTS在各时效、各单模式及多模式平均等方面优势明显。在预报员对应参考时效上,OTS在24~168 h的24 h累积降水预报中的TS评分也优于主观预报。     

测绘工程“四重螺旋交互上升式”硬实践体系研究

基于测绘工程专业认证的大背景和应用型高层次专门人才的需求,学生实践能力的培养被提升到了从未有过新高度,设置完善的实践教学体系迫在眉睫。为了克服"重理论、轻实践"的软人才培养理念,文中结合测绘工程专业认证标准,提出"4+5"模式培养目标,并据此构建"四重螺旋交互上升式"硬实践体系,详细阐述该体系内容构成及体系特色,为实现实践能力的本科全过程新常态培养和应用型高层次专门人才的高品质输送提供依据。     

Prediction of breaking waves with neural networks

The height of a wave at the time of its breaking, as well as the depth of water in which it breaks, are the two basic parameters that are required as input in design exercises involving wave breaking. Currently the designers obtain these values with the help of graphical procedures and empirical equations. An alternative to this in the form of a neural network is presented in this paper. The networks were trained by combining the existing deterministic relations with a random component. The trained network was validated with the help of fresh laboratory observations. The validation results confirmed usefulness of the neural network approach for this application. The predicted breaking height and water depth were more accurate than those obtained traditionally through empirical schemes. Introduction of a random component in network training was found to yield better forecasts in some validation cases.     

Toward a Typology of Changes in Primary Teachers' Awareness of Geography Based on Receiving Graduate Education

This study illuminates the effects of graduate education on primary teachers' awareness of geography. Data were collected through interviews with twenty-one teachers who held M.A. or Ph.D. degrees in geography and analyzed using Straussian-grounded theory. The participants were categorized into four types. Many teachers (type A) showed meaningful refinement in their awareness of geography, and some of them (type B and C) identified themselves as experts in primary geography. However, a few participants (type D) showed only marginal development of their geographic knowledge. These results suggest the potential for improvements to graduate education in primary geography and for primary teachers.     

Scale considerations in using diatoms as indicators of sea‐level change: lessons from Alaska

This paper assesses variations in quantitative reconstructions of late Holocene relative sea‐level (RSL) change arising from using modern diatom datasets from different spatial scales, applied to case studies from Alaska. We investigate the implications of model choice in transfer functions using local‐, sub‐regional‐ and regional‐scale modern training sets, and produce recommendations on the creation and selection of modern datasets for reconstructing RSL change over Holocene timescales in tidal marsh environments comparable with those in Alaska. We show that regional modern training sets perform best in terms of providing fossil samples with good modern analogues, and in producing reconstructions that most closely match observations, where these are available. Local training sets are frequently insufficient to provide fossil samples with good modern analogues and may over‐estimate the precision of RSL reconstructions. This is particularly apparent when reconstructing RSL change for periods beyond the last century. For reconstructing RSL change we recommend using regional modern training sets enhanced by local samples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风电场风速规律分析及风电功率预报方法研究

利用陕西省某一风电场区域内的观测资料，分析了该风电场的风速规律，并引入最优训练 期方案，研究利用线性回归方法建立风电功率预报模型的可行性。结果表明：该风电场区域，不同 高度的风速及其高度间的风速差异均表现出最大值出现在夜间，最小值出现在白天，从低层到高 层的风速日变化趋势一致的特征。一日中，风速与风电功率在 09:00 ~ 17:00 时段的相关系数明显 小于其它时段。按照风速是否大于 5 m·s^-1 将训练期观测样本分为 2 组，可以明显改善风速与风电 功率的回归关系。以风机轮毂高度处的风速作为预报因子，并引入风电功率与风速之间相关系数 的日变化规律、以及不同风速量级下风速与风电功率之间回归关系的差异性，采用最优训练期方 案和一元线性回归方法建立的风电功率预报方程，具有预报误差小和最优训练期短的特点，满足 实际业务需求。     

最优集合预报订正方法在客观温度预报中的应用

数值模式的直接输出预报在实际应用时常与实况产生一定的偏差,对模式预报进行有效的本地化订正是提高预报准确率的重要手段。以欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)模式细网格资料,采用最优集合(anolog ensemble,AnEn)预报订正方法对北京市各站1～7 d的日最高气温和日最低气温进行订正,并对相关参数进行了本地化。采用了滑动训练期、优化变量权重两种方案进行训练。检验评估结果表明:(1)滑动训练期采用60 d时能同时保证计算效率和预报准确率;采用最优变量权重方案后,与预报员主观预报准确率对比,AnEn的最低气温优于预报员主观预报,最高气温基本相当;增加训练期的长度(引入多年的历史资料)相比优化变量权重方案能更有效地提高预报准确率。(2)AnEn预报订正方法在改善数值模式预报的固有偏差(如对由数值模式对局地地形、边界层日变化等形成的误差)效果显著,有较好的应用价值;对于因局地天气(如霾、降水、大风等)影响下,AnEn的温度预报准确率虽优于ECMWF,但不如主观预报,未来还有改进空间。还对检验结果进行了时间和空间验证,确保在以后的业务尤其是智能网格预报业务中的运行效果。     

城建类高校地信专业人才培养目标探讨

在2012年地理信息系统专业改为地理信息科学专业的背景下,有必要重新探讨城建类高校在人才培养方面的定位问题。文章结合城建类高校的特点,从人才培养方向、课程体系、实践环节三个方面进行改革尝试,探索合理有效的培养目标。在分析地理信息科学专业的人才需求和人才培养目标基础上,探讨如何科学地制定地理信息科学专业的人才培养方案,建立专业课程体系,指出培养应用型人才的可行方法和途径。