Toward Equal Opportunity of Primary Education: Introducing a Lottery into China’s Proximity-Based Enrollment System

A serious spatial inequality of educational opportunity in school enrollment persists worldwide. The use of random mechanisms in school allocation might improve spatial equality, with lotteries applied in some choice-based systems. China uses a proximity-based assignment, yet the optimization of spatial equality of educational opportunity by introducing a lottery has received little consideration. To achieve the maximum spatial equality of educational opportunity, in this study, a random proximity-based model was developed, and the swarm optimization method was used to solve the model. A case study in the Shijingshan district of Beijing was used to illustrate the model outputs. For comparison, a proximity-based model was also developed and solved. After introducing a lottery into a proximity-based enrollment system, the spatial disparity of educational opportunity was reduced by 70 percent. The average travel distance to school increased 3.5-fold but was still much less than the actual average distance of 4.3?km. Relaxing the maximum travel distance constraint could significantly improve spatial inequality. Although total equality was significantly improved, only 51 percent of students benefited from increased opportunities, which implies that the model could be adopted in a centralized institutional context, such as China, but might be ineffective in a democratic system.     

北京城市广场及校园表土(灰尘)中重金属水平与健康风险

通过对北京市城市广场和学校表层土壤与相应的地表灰尘中重金属含量调查,探讨土壤与灰尘之间元素分布的差异及来源,评估青少年在校期间通过灰尘摄入重金属的健康风险。研究表明:城市广场和校园土壤中Cu、Pb和Zn、灰尘中As、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd显著高于北京市土壤重金属背景值,土壤(灰尘)中As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd超过背景值的样本比率分别为67%(27%)、13%(63%)、83%(100%)、73%(100%)、83%(100%)和53%(100%)。土壤中Cu、Pb和Zn存在一定积累,灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn积累较重。灰尘中Cu、Pb和Zn显著高于土壤。校园土壤中Ni显著高于城市广场土壤,其他元素两者之间差异不大;校园灰尘中Ni、Pb和Zn显著高于城市广场。中学生通过校园灰尘摄入没有导致明显的健康风险。     

县市级义务教育学校区位配置优化设计与实验

 合理规划学校布局是实现义务教育均衡发展和落实就近入学政策的一个重要途径。为满足县市级中小学校空间布局规划需求,本文以区位配置优化方法解决学校区位选址问题。以平均入学距离为目标,以学校总数、学校学额为约束条件,分别构建P中值指派规划和整型规划数学模型。根据学校与居民地之间的空间分布特征进行模型简化,使模型计算效率大幅度提升。因指派规划模型约束矩阵每列非零元素不超过2个,分枝切割算法能获得近似最优解(与最优目标之差小于0.01%);整型规划模型约束矩阵近似于完全单位模矩阵,分枝切割算法通常能获得最优解。在ArcGIS 10 Geoprocessing框架中,整合ArcGIS网络分析、Coin-or Python线性规划建模工具PuLP 1.4.7和线性规划软件Cplex 12,实现模型建模、模型解算和优化结果可视化。在配置Intel 酷睿2双核2.44GHz CPU和2GB内存的计算机环境中,对于有1276个居民点和50所学校的县域进行网络分析、模型建模、模型结算和结果输出。优化结果表明:学校布局调整后学生平均入学距离明显降低,本文构建的优化模型在县市级较大规模的学校选址规划中具有实用价值。     

消能减震技术用于C类框架学校建筑提高一度抗震设防加固的探讨

针对既有的C类框架学校建筑提高一度抗震设防的加固目标,从地震作用计算、结构抗震验算和抗震构造措施等方面详细分析了其中的加固难点,指出了应用传统抗震加固方法的一些不足之处,探讨了应用消能减震技术进行结构提高一度抗震设防加固的可行性;并以某C类框架学校建筑加固工程为实例,从减震控制效果分析、弹塑性变形验算、消能部件影响评价、抗震构造措施核查4个方面论证了消能减震加固方法的有效性和可操作性。结果表明,消能减震技术在C类框架学校建筑抗震加固中具有一定的应用优势,不但能有效控制结构的地震响应,而且依据减震效果可以适当降低结构的抗震构造要求。因此,只要通过合理的消能减震加固设计,再辅以额外的局部加强处理,完全可以实现C类框架学校建筑提高一度抗震设防的加固目标需求。     

松软煤层坑道钻机钻进参数测量系统设计

针对松软煤层坑道钻机施工需要,设计了一种钻进参数测量系统。系统的硬件以车用可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)为控制核心,以控制器局域网(CAN)总线为通信网络,针对煤矿使用要求重点对电路进行设计。采集器底层软件设计利用CoDeSys开发工具,上位机软件界面则基于LabVIEW。实际应用结果表明:该测量系统能准确获取松软煤层坑道钻机施工所需的钻进参数,具有实时性强、准确性和可靠性高,人机交互友好等优点。      

基于MAS的虚拟公共交通环境建模与模拟分析

针对目前公共交通模型很少关注乘客行为和人车相互作用的问题,提出了虚拟公共交通环境的概念及其构成要素的矢量表达,进而采用Multi-agent System 方法构建了车辆Agent 和乘客Agent 行为模型;并提出了公共交通运行中的车辆、乘客之间相互作用,以及时空变化的模拟算法,实现了虚拟公共交通环境原型系统。最后,设计了7 条道路、8 条公交线路、30 个公交站点和1 万次出行的小型公交环境作为实例验证,结果产生了车辆1428 次,上下车刷卡30 436 人次。通过分析总出行时间分布和对比不同发车间隔下乘客平均等待时间,发现了总出行时间分布与输入的出行需求数据相一致,且缩短发车间隔情况下各站点乘客的平均等待时间明显随之缩短。同时,通过原型系统分析了公交车辆的运行情况和乘客公交出行行为。结果表明,本文所提出的模型和算法能有效地模拟公共交通环境,便于交通管理者和科研工作者观察、处理和分析公共交通环境中所产生的数据。     

鲁西南地区中小学生防震减灾科普认知及需求研究

为了解鲁西南地区中小学生对防震减灾科普的认知情况及需求,采用问卷调查等方法对鲁西南地区典型城市菏泽市开展了此次研究。研究发现,该地区中小学生总体上在地震科学常识、地震部门工作内容以及避震救助技能和识别谣言能力方面处于中等偏上水平,但在部分题目上也存在认知度较低的状况。在防震减灾科普的态度和需求偏好方面,97.04%的学生表示愿意参加防震减灾知识培训,大部分学生还是偏好传统媒体的渠道与形式。另外,在示范与非示范学校、城区与乡镇学校、中学与小学的对比中,发现了明显的群体差异性。本次调查对今后开展山东全省公众的防震减灾科普认知及需求状况研究提供了一定的依据和指导。     

‘How dare you say that about my friend’: negotiating disability and identity within Australian high schools

Australian education policies advocate equal opportunities and non-discrimination through legislation that people with disabilities willing to attend ‘main-stream’ schools must be accommodated for. In this paper, people with mobility disabilities talk about their high school experiences in New South Wales, Australia. We are particularly interested in how these men and women talk about the affirmation of bodily differences within various high school spaces. Adopting narrative analysis and a feminist approach we understand identity as constructed spatially. Our interpretation is focused upon how school spaces helped to shape participants’ sense of self and in turn how participants shaped school spaces. We present a series of vignettes which illustrate how participants with mobility disabilities negotiated their bodily differences in and through school space.     

Chinese Junior High School Students' Perceptions of Geographic Fieldwork: A Case Study

After nearly ten years of implementation of the first junior high school geography standards, Chinese geography educators have been increasingly incorporating fieldwork into their geography teaching. This study examined student perceptions of fieldwork from an international perspective by reviewing student fieldwork reports and administering a questionnaire to 337 junior high school students aged approximately fifteen years. The results demonstrate that the students' perceptions of fieldwork were primarily positive and that they found field experience to be interesting. Fieldwork provided the students with deepened understanding of issues, cognitive and affective benefits, transferable skills and knowledge, social skills, demonstration, and memorable experience. In addition, some factors for improving geographic fieldwork were identified.