Spatio-temporal changes in agricultural hydrothermal conditions in China from 1951 to 2010

Based on the daily observation data of 824 meteorological stations during 1951- 2010 released by the National Meteorological Information Center, this paper evaluated the changes in the heat and moisture conditions of crop growth. An average value of ten years was used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation in the agricultural hydrothermal conditions within a 1 km² grid. Next, the inter-annual changing trend was simulated by regression analysis of the agricultural hydrothermal conditions. The results showed that the contour lines for temperature and accumulated temperatures (the daily mean temperature ≥0°C) increased significantly in most parts of China, and that the temperature contour lines had all moved northwards over the past 60 years. At the same time, the annual precipitation showed a decreasing trend, though more than half of the meteorological stations did not pass the significance test. However, the mean temperatures in the hottest month and the coldest month exhibited a decreasing trend from 1951 to 2010. In addition, the 0°C contour line gradually moved from the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River Basin to the Yellow River Basin. All these changes would have a significant impact on the distribution of crops and farming systems. Although the mechanisms influencing the interactive temperature and precipitation changes on crops were complex and hard to distinguish, the fact remained that these changes would directly cause corresponding changes in crop characteristics.     

华南沿海近42年来的气候变化

运用华南沿海6个有代表性的气象观测站1958－1999年的气温与降水资料，对华南沿海地区近42年来的气候作了分析。结果结果：近42年来华南沿海地区气温呈上升趋势（0．188℃／10年），特别是90年代增温十分明显。1998年是近42年来华南沿海地区最暖的一年。以80年代中期为界将华南沿海地区近42年来的气候分为冷、暖两个阶段，则得到为冷期，后为暖期。降水量也呈上升趋势（29．46mm／10年）。     

乌鲁木齐河山区流域径流形成的实验研究

乌鲁木齐河山区流域较之山前平原区有着充沛的降水，是径流形成的基础。降水量随海拔增加而增加，高山带降水以固态为主，使冰川成为山区流域重要的水储存形式。降水观测误差对流域降水量和蒸发量的估算有较大影响。冰雪消融可以依据常规气象要素的参数化热通量表达式来计算。在高山草甸蒸发量的观测、计算中，蒸渗器称重法与波恩比率法较之通量－梯度法有较高的观测精度。山区流域径流系数随流域平均海拔增加而增加，高山冰川作用区在径流形成和调节中起着重要作用。     

碳酸盐型盐湖卤水的模拟太阳池结晶试验

在碳酸盐型盐湖提锂工艺中, 太阳池是一个重要组成部分, 目的是储存太阳能能量以结晶析出碳酸锂。文章利用加热方法首次在实验室条件下进行模拟太阳池结晶试验, 试验的蒸发量随着温度的升高而加大, 但蒸发量的不同对析盐结晶影响不大。在不同时间段模拟试验中, 24 h时间段的Mg2+析盐浓度较Li+大, 且随着时间的延长逐渐降低, 而Li+则相反;Mg2+析出速率随着时间的增加而逐渐降低, 而Li+析出速率基 本保持一致。在不同温度模拟试验中, 卤水主要组分总析出率与温度的升高呈正相关, 卤水中CO32?和Li+的浓度降低速度大于其他组分, CO32?和Li+的析出率远大于其他组分, 析出主要矿物鉴定结果均为扎布耶石     

A Regional Scale Investigation of Climatological Tropical Convection and Precipitation in the Amazon Basin

This study constructs a regional scale climatology of tropical convection and precipitation from more than 15 years of monthly outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and precipitation data on 2.5°× 2.5° latitude-longitude grid to examine the spatial and temporal patterns and variability of convection and precipitation in the Amazon Basin. A linear regression analysis also detects if any trends exist in the two datasets. The region of study extends from 15°N to 25°S and 30° to 80°W that encompass the Amazon Basin and surrounding fringe areas for the period from January 1979 through December 1995 for the OLR data and up to 1996 for the precipitation dataset. The basin-average mean monthly and seasonal climatology serve as a ‘baseline’ reference for comparison with the full time series of basin-average monthly OLR and precipitation to illustrate the interannual variability and identify anomalous periods of wet and dry conditions. A linear trend analysis of OLR data found small negative values across the Amazon Basin indicating a slight increase in convective activity over the period of study. The analysis of the precipitation time series, however, shows no coincidental increase in precipitation as would be expected with an increase in convective activity. Portions of Rondônia and Mato Grosso, areas that have undergone extensive deforestation, illustrate no trend in precipitation as suggested by GCM simulation results. The only area featuring any large change in precipitation occurs in a small area in the northwestern region of South America where a large positive trend in precipitation exists.     

准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠区梭梭维持水源初步研究

为了了解沙漠植物梭梭维持水源的利用情况,探明其对水源的利用策略,利用稳定性同位素技术定位取样,对准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠区梭梭进行了研究.结果表明,冬季,梭梭基本没有直接利用降雪;随着融雪后浅层土壤含水率的上升,梭梭明显利用浅层土壤水;梭梭利用水源中,地下水占有很大比例,这种比例在冬季和夏季最高,最高幅度可达到80％,平均占到30％左右;降雨也是梭梭利用的水源之一,在降雨后的3～5 d内,梭梭木质部δ18O值有明显趋近降雨δ18O值的趋势.因此,本研究区的梭梭维持水源有多个途径,地下水、融雪形成的浅层土壤水是其主要水源,中、大量降雨也是其利用的水源之一.     

Soil erosion and its response to the changes of precipitation and vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau

Soil erosion is a major threat to our terrestrial ecosystems and an important global environmental problem. The Loess Plateau in China is one of the regions that suffered more severe soil erosion and undergoing climate warming and drying in the past decades. The vegetation restoration named Grain-to-Green Program has now been operating for more than 10 years. It is necessary to assess the variation of soil erosion and the response of precipita- tion and vegetation restoration to soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. In the study, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation （RUSLE） was applied to evaluate annual soil loss caused by water erosion. The results showed as follows. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau between 2000 and 2010 averaged for 15.2 t hm-2 a 1 and was characterized as light for the value less than 25 t hm-2 a-1. The severe soil erosion higher than 25 t hm-2 a-~ was mainly distributed in the gully and hilly regions in the central, southwestern, and some scattered areas of earth-rocky mountainous areas on the Loess Plateau. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau showed a deceasing trend in recent decade and reduced more at rates more than 1 t hm 2 a 1 in the areas suffering severe soil loss. Benefited from the improved vegetation cover and ecological construction, the soil erosion on the Loess Plateau was significantly declined, es- pecially in the east of Yulin, most parts of Yah＇an prefectures in Shaanxi Province, and the west of Luliang and Linfen prefectures in Shanxi Province in the hilly and gully regions. The variation of vegetation cover responding to soil erosion in these areas showed the relatively higher contribution than the precipitation. However, most areas in Qingyang and Dingxi pre- fectures in Gansu Province and Guyuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were predomi- nantly related to precipitation.     

An approach for the determination of precipitation input for worst-case flood modelling

ABSTRACT

There is a lack of suitable methods for creating precipitation scenarios that can be used to realistically estimate peak discharges with very low probabilities. On the one hand, existing methods are methodically questionable when it comes to physical system boundaries. On the other hand, the spatio-temporal representativeness of precipitation patterns as system input is limited. In response, this paper proposes a method of deriving spatio-temporal precipitation patterns and presents a step towards making methodically correct estimations of infrequent floods by using a worst-case approach. A Monte Carlo approach allows for the generation of a wide range of different spatio-temporal distributions of an extreme precipitation event that can be tested with a rainfall–runoff model that generates a hydrograph for each of these distributions. Out of these numerous hydrographs and their corresponding peak discharges, the physically plausible spatio-temporal distributions that lead to the highest peak discharges are identified and can eventually be used for further investigations.

Editor A. Castellarin; Associate editor E. Volpi     

Mapping of climatic parameters under climate change impacts in Iran

ABSTRACT

This research aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of climate change effects on temperature, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration over the country of Iran for the time periods 2010–2039, 2040–2069 and 2070–2099, and under scenarios A2 and B2. After preparation of measured temperature and precipitation data and calculation of potential evapotranspiration for the base time period of 1960–1990 for 46 meteorological stations (with a nationwide distribution), initial zoning of these three parameters over the country was attempted. Maximum and minimum temperatures and values of precipitation were obtained from the HadCM3 model under scenarios A2 and B2 for the three time periods, and these data were downscaled. Corresponding maps were prepared for the three parameters in the three time periods, and spatial and temporal variations of these climatic parameters under scenarios A2 and B2 were extracted and interpreted. Results showed that the highest increase in temperature would occur in western parts of the country, but the highest increase of potential evapotranspiration would occur in the central region of Iran. However, precipitation would vary temporally and spatially in different parts of the country depending on the scenario used and the time period selected.

Editor Z. W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor not assigned     

Spatio-temporal evaluation of global gridded precipitation datasets across Iran

ABSTRACT

In this work, the accuracy of four gridded precipitation datasets – Climatic Research Unit (CRU), Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), PERSIANN-Climate Data Record (PCDR) and University of Delaware (UDEL) – is evaluated across Iran to find an alternative source of precipitation data. Monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation data from 85 synoptic stations for the period 1984–2013 were used as the basis for the evaluations. Our results indicate that all datasets underestimate and overestimate precipitation in stations with annual precipitation greater than 600 and less than 100 mm, respectively. However, all datasets correctly recognize regimes of precipitation, but with a bias in amount of precipitation. Our spatio-temporal assessments show that GPCC is the most suitable dataset to be used over Iran. Both UDEL and CRU can be considered as the second and third most suitable datasets, while PCDR showed the weakest performance among the studied datasets.