哈密地区7·17暴雨天气过程分析

对2007年7月16—19日哈密暴雨天气过程的分析表明:这次暴雨是伊朗副高北伸,里咸海长脊,与乌拉尔山高压脊反气旋型接通,推动中亚低涡东移进入新疆,在哈密滞留造成的。深厚的低值系统从低层到中层都表现为强的辐合上升运动,为暴雨产生提供很强的动力条件,有利于暴雨所需不稳定能量的储存,低层风场辐合及中高层强西南气流不断将水汽输送至暴雨区,为暴雨提供充足的水汽,冷暖、干湿空气的水平、垂直交换等在暴雨中激发大量不稳定能量的释放加强了对流,这都是暴雨产生的直接有利条件,欧洲数值预报产品、T213物理量场和FY-2红外云图进行暴雨天气预报具有较好的指导意义。     

云南临沧市3次罕见雨雪天气对比分析

利用MICAPS资料,对临沧市近年出现的3次罕见雨雪天气从环流特征、冷空气特点和物理量场进行分析,得出:3次雨雪天气过程都是在有利的天气形势背景下发生的,冷空气的强弱和水汽来源的不同,以及水汽通量散度、垂直速度和假相当位温分布的差异导致了雨雪过程降水量的不同.     

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GENETIC ALGORITHM IN CAPTURING CONDITIONAL NONLINEAR OPTIMAL PERTURBATION WITH PARAMETERIZATION "ON-OFF" SWITCHES INCLUDED BY A MODEL

In the typhoon adaptive observation based on conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP), the ‘on-off’ switch caused by moist physical parameterization in prediction models prevents the conventional adjoint method from providing correct gradient during the optimization process. To address this problem, the capture of CNOP, when the on-off switches are included in models, is treated as non-smooth optimization in this study, and the genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced. After detailed algorithm procedur...     

热带风暴海马变性前后的物理量诊断分析

利用NCEP再分析资料,针对热带风暴海马(0421)变性前后各物理量进行诊断分析,发现了一些有意义的结果.由变性前高低层的暖心对称结构到变性后非对称的锋面结构,其中冷空气是从低层、低压的西南象限开始入侵的.同时相对涡度场上,也由整层左右对称的正涡度演变成自低层到高层向西倾斜的垂直分布.另外,24小时平均相对涡度、平均散度呈现出中低层数值变大,且辐合上升层的厚度也加大的特点;最大上升速度中心的高度由变性前的600hPa上升到500hPa.由于西风带高空槽东移,变性后存在两条水汽通道,一条伴随槽前的西南气流,一条来自南海与强劲的偏南气流相伴.     

绿洲效应的模拟及内外因子的敏感性实验

利用一个已发展的陆面物理过程参数化方案与大气边界层数值模式耦合,模拟了半干旱区绿洲戈壁非均匀下垫面的陆面物理过程及其与大气边界层的相互作用,成功地描绘了绿洲戈壁局地气候效应,并进行了绿洲戈壁局地气候效应对于降水、绿洲水平尺度和植被结构等若干内外因子的敏感性实验.结果表明:绿洲的最小临界尺度为5～10 km之间,最大临界尺度为55～65 km之间,而最利于绿洲维持的尺度范围为20 km左右,这一结论与我国西部地区现存的绿洲尺度统计结果十分一致;绿洲植被覆盖率为0.6左右时,最利于绿洲发展.另外对植被空间分布方式和绿洲植被组成比例上也进行了数值实验,并对影响绿洲生存和持续发展的内、外因子气候效应的影响力量级进行了分级.这些结果对于深入了解绿洲气候的形成和维持机理具有重要的意义.     

Equilibrium mechanism analysis on the physical processes of IAP3.0

Based on the detection of the dynamic and thermodynamic functions of the physical processes in IAP3.0, the equilibrium mechanisms of the temperature, moisture and wind are analyzed. The negative feedback between the longwave radiation and temperature is verified. The cooling regulation of net radiation on temperature is mostly balanced by the heating of precipitation, the leading actions on temperature of other processes such as vertical diffusion, shallow cumulus convection and friction are merely available for lower air. The moisture consumption of precipitation is compensated on the whole by the provision of shallow cumulus convection, which sustains the moisture conservation to a high degree. The wind field is directly regulated by the momentum redistribution of cumulus, the dry adiabatic convection and vertical diffusion. Yet, the prominent influences of these processes are generally confined to the lower level. The east wind at low latitudes and the west wind at high latitudes are both weakened by the regulations and furthermore, by virtue of the transportation of mean meridional circulation, such a variation exactly maintains the angular momentum conservation.     

2004年7月广西一次大范围暴雨的诊断分析

通过对2004年7月18～21日广西大范围的特大暴雨天气过程期间的环流形势场,以及与强降水有关的物理量场的变化分析,探讨了在本次强降水过程中势力相当的副热带高压与南亚高压"两脊一槽"的环流形势下,低空强劲的暖湿急流轴左侧强降水天气发生发展的环境条件。     

大夏国都统万城选址合理性辨析

位于毛乌素沙地南缘的统万城遗址,因其城宏伟的规模、历史上的重要地位,是学者研究历史时期生态背景、文化、政治经济的重要时空坐标。作为大夏国都,其存续时间从公元419年至公元427年,区区9年时间,可谓"兴也勃焉,亡也忽焉"。从自然环境背景、资源承载能力、军事战略地位3方面对该城的选址做了详细分析,认为该城作为大夏国都在一定程度上是不合理的。赫连勃勃勇则勇矣,将国都定在统万城却并不具有全局思维,其自然环境、资源承载能力以及军事防御能力均无法满足国都设置的条件,尤其将国都设置在战争前沿,无法达到长治久安的目的。因此,建城之后多次受到北魏军队的正面攻击,并很快被攻克,大夏国因之灭亡。统万城在历史上行政地位逐渐降低,并最终淹没在黄沙之中,是历史的必然结果。     

科尔沁沙地沙丘-草甸相间地土壤颗粒的分形特征

选择科尔沁沙地典型沙丘-草甸相间地为研究区,利用土壤颗粒的体积分形模型计算了研究区49个采样点土壤颗粒的分形维数,并建立了分形维数与土壤颗粒不同粒级间的相关关系,以探讨半干旱寒冷地区土壤颗粒的分形特征与土壤物理性质以及养分含量之间的关系。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤颗粒的分形维数为1.33~2.50,变幅较大,且呈现出自中部的草甸、农田地带向南、北方向的沙丘地带递减的趋势;土壤颗粒的体积分形维数依照流动沙丘-半流动半固定沙丘-固定沙丘-农田-草甸的顺序而递增。(2)土壤颗粒的分形维数与黏粒、粉粒含量显著正相关,与砂粒含量显著负相关,且表现出明显的对数关系。100 μm是影响土壤颗粒分形维数变化的分界粒径,大于该粒径的颗粒含量越高,土壤颗粒的分形维数越小;反之越大。(3)分形维数与土壤养分含量相关显著,土壤颗粒的分形维数与电导率、pH值及有机质、全氮、全磷含量均显著正相关,但与全钾含量负相关。在分形维数大于2时,基本与土壤饱和含水率正相关、与干容重负相关。     

Experimental study on the settlement of marine deposits of Anzali under cyclic loading by laminar box apparatus

The central Alborz mountain range, located in northern Iran, neighboring the Caspian Sea and where the two Persia and Eurasia plates meet, is known as a seismologically active area. In this regard, investigation of the behavior of saturated sand deposits located in this area may be of particular interest. Saturated sand deposits are subjected to instabilities owing to liquefaction or volume change due to earthquake shakings. A particular type of saturated sand deposits is Anzali sand which is abundant in Anzali port and other cities located in this area in northern Iran. This type of sand is a representative for most sands found in this area, i.e., the southern coastal line of Caspian Sea. This research is solely focused on the volume change behavior of marine deposits of Anzali area, often characterized as Anzali sand, in terms of the settlement of a model footing located on the surface of the sand by the aid of a transparent laminar shear box apparatus. Effects of a number of factors such as the frequency of the cyclic loading, the initial density of the sand, and the sample preparation method have been investigated. Observations indicated that the density index and the frequency of loading which are proportional to the energy of an earthquake have direct effects on the accumulation and amount of the final settlement of Anzali sand.