Municipal solid waste landfill site selection for the city of Şanliurfa-Turkey: an example using MCDA integrated with GIS

A municipal solid waste (MSW) management system needs solid waste management (SWM) techniques where the presence of a sanitary landfill is vital. One of the most important issues of sanitary landfilling is to locate the facility to an optimal location. Despite the versatility and case-dependent nature of conventional expert-based site selection procedures, the number of sites to be chosen increases with increased population forcing a number of constraints. Consequently, constraints and environmental regulations mechanically mask unsuitable areas, leaving very little areas to be assessed. This turns the situation into a challenging issue for a geographical information system (GIS) used with multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), to select optimal site.

The study aims to apply MCDA integrated with GIS to select possible sites of a MSW landfill with the same expert and same cognitive parameters while compared with the already present one. Results of this study revealed that conventional expert-based methods could not always evaluate all constraints at the same time and map reproduction is limited when parameter maps are changing rapidly in time. In order to produce cognitive and reproducible analyses, GIS with MCDA integration offers a good solution for site selection issue and forms a good alternative for conventional methods.     

Scenarios of global municipal water-use demand projections over the 21st century

Abstract

A comparison study is presented of three methods for evaluating trends in drought frequency: the standardized precipitation index (SPI), the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and a new method for estimation of dry spells (DS), which is based on average daily temperature and precipitation, and takes into account the length of a spell. The methods were applied to climate data from 450 stations in the Elbe River basin for the period 1951–2003, as well as data from several stations with longer observed time series. Statistical methods were used to calculate trend lines and evaluate the significance of detected trends. The dry spells estimated with the new method show significant trends in the whole lowland part of the Elbe basin during the last 53 years, and at the 10% level almost everywhere in the German part of the basin excluding mountains and the area around the river mouth. The SPI and PDSI methods also revealed significant trends, but for smaller areas in the lowland. The new DS method provides a useful supplement to other drought indices for the detection of trends in drought frequency. Furthermore, the DS method was able to detect statistically significant trends in areas where the other two methods failed to find significant trends, e.g. in the loess region in the southwest of the German part of the basin, where small insignificant changes in climate can lead to significant changes in water fluxes. This is important, because the loess region is the area within the basin having the highest crop yields. Therefore, additional research has to be done to investigate possible impacts of detected trends on water resources availability, and possible future trends in drought frequency under climate change.     

城市固体垃圾应力-应变-时间关系试验研究

通过室内蠕变试验,研究了城市固体垃圾（MSW）的蠕变变形规律。采用分级加载方式对初始孔隙比为2~4和初始有机物含量在15%~75%的MSW试样进行压缩降解试验。研究发现,应力-应变-时间曲线斜率随着初始孔隙比和初始有机物含量的增加逐渐减小,即材料压缩模量逐渐减小。采用指数模型拟合城市固体垃圾的应力-应变等时曲线,并取得了很好的拟合效果,模型参数简单易求,可反映城市固体垃圾压缩性的大小及其压缩机制。通过对指数模型求导,得到城市固体垃圾的切线压缩模量,切线压缩模量随初始孔隙比和易降解有机物含量的增加呈指数型衰减,初始孔隙比在2~3之间时,初始压缩模量衰减较快,也就是说,在该范围内,初始孔隙比对城市固体垃圾变形影响较大。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰水泥固化体强度稳定性研究

针对垃圾焚烧飞灰安全处置技术要求,采用水泥对其进行固化、稳定化处理,研究了不同水泥添加量、不同养护时间和渗沥液浸泡时间对固化体无侧限抗压强度及破坏特性的影响,并对垃圾渗沥液的侵蚀机制进行了分析。结果表明：当水泥添加量小于5%,养护时间小于3 d时,飞灰固化体在渗沥液浸泡下迅速解体,垃圾渗沥液的侵蚀对飞灰固化体的强度有较大的影响,浸泡后的固化体呈现出明显的应变软化特征,而未经浸泡的固化体的强度增长符合y=a[1-exp(-bt)]模式。随着水泥添加量及养护时间的增加,飞灰固化体无侧限抗压强度增加,破坏应变减小,而随着浸泡时间的增加,飞灰固化体的无侧限抗压强度先增大后减小,转折点大约在5～7 d,破坏应变近似呈线性增大。渗沥液对飞灰固化体的侵蚀主要是其成分抑制了固化体水化反应和破坏了水化产物。研究成果可为垃圾焚烧飞灰的安全处置技术提供理论依据和参数支持。     

2000 年以来中国城市空间扩张的时空平稳性

城市空间扩张一方面表现为建成区的空间扩张,另一方面表现为市辖区面积的不断增加,在当今快速城镇化的中国这两个过程尤为剧烈而显著不平稳。地理学上的平稳性强调时间和空间两个层面的演变过程。引入几何学的方法,以标准化的建成区面积和市辖区面积构建坐标系,绘制2000-2010 年主要地级城市的空间扩张的路径,按照均值对路径进行分类,并引入mov、tor、sd 三个指数作为时空平稳性的测度。研究表明：① 2000 年以来,市辖区扩张主要集中在长三角、珠三角、闽东南以及中西部的省会及其周边城市,而建成区的扩张态势并没有这种显著的极化效应,在各个城市群均有较高的速率。② 从类型上,可以分为稳定型和跨越型两种。稳定型中以稳定在低于均值的LL型最多,而其他偏少;跨越型中,以在HH、HL、LH、LL四者间发生一次置换的为主。③ 三个平稳性系数的计算结果显示,城市等级较高的城市对mov、sd 指数比较敏感,这两个指数主要反映了城市相对于全国的平稳性特征;而处于中游的城市对tor指数比较敏感,这个指数主要反映了城市自身在年际间变动的平稳性特征。     

新鲜生活垃圾压缩与直剪联合测定试验研究

在环境土工实验室人工配制了新鲜生活垃圾,采用大型压缩与直剪联合测定仪器,对96个新鲜垃圾试样进行了压缩变形、剪应力及剪应变联合测定试验,研究了垃圾的压缩变形对强度的影响及规律。试样的初始孔隙比分别为2.1、2.5、2.9,试样竖向压力分别为25、50、100、200 kPa,每级压力作用下的时间分别为0、0.25、0.5、1、2、6、12、24 h。试验研究表明,（1）不同压缩时间下剪应力与剪应变的关系符合双曲线模型,模型参数a在0.028～0.144之间,参数b在0.012～0.024之间;（2）不同竖向压力及不同剪应变限值下抗剪强度与竖向压缩应变（压缩时间）的关系可以拟合成多项式的形式,得到了参数的拟合值及相关系数,相关系数在0.63～0.98之间;（3）不同初始孔隙比的抗剪强度与竖向压力的关系符合库仑定律,得到了不同剪应变限值的抗剪强度参数,黏聚力在11.1～34.2 kPa之间,内摩擦角在 11.2°～30.6°之间。     

城市污染水体生物修复研究

应用人工复氧技术并投加生物制剂及底质改良剂等,对严重富营养化的湖泊水和黑臭河涌水进行了生物修复试验.模拟试验结果表明,在适度的人工复氧前提下,投加生物制剂及底质改良剂等,能够使两种水体的化学需氧量 (CODCr)、总氮 (TN)和总磷 (TP)等污染物的含量均降低 80%以上.用同样的方法进行现场试验,发现 CODCr、 TN和 TP等污染物含量的降幅也能达到 70%左右,相应水体的水质指标基本上达到"地表水环境质量标准" (GB 3838- 2002)地表Ⅴ类水标准,并发现投加的生物制剂及底质改良剂等微生物群体能够壮大污染环境中的土著微生物,对底泥中污染物的降解有一定的促进作用.     

The role of port cities and transnational municipal networks in efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on land and at sea from shipping – An assessment of the World Ports Climate Initiative

In 2008, 55 of the world's largest ports voluntarily adopted the World Ports Climate Declaration (WPCD) and the International Association of Ports and Harbours committed to long-term work on implementation through the World Ports Climate Initiative (WPCI). This article assesses the work of WPCI since 2008 and makes five recommendations that, if implemented, could support efforts to reduce the climate and environmental impacts of port operations and international shipping. In particular, as the impetus for the WPCD came from a port city – Rotterdam – and their engagement with a transnational municipal network – the C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group – the paper considers the role of cities and transnational municipal networks in governance, and the potential for cities to play a more active and influential role in the maritime sector. The article presents an overview of literature on the role and function of transnational municipal networks, the background and development of the WPCD, analysis of the work of WPCI, and a discussion concerning the potential of cities and transnational municipal networks to support and add value to WPCI or similar initiatives in the maritime sector. This informs the conclusions and recommendations to marine policy-makers and port stakeholders.     

中高龄期模型固体废弃物三轴试验与强度特性分析

为揭示中、高龄期城市固体废弃物（MSW）的力学特性,通过向石英砂、高岭土混合物中加入不同质量比的草炭人工配制模型固废试样,开展了三轴固结排水剪切和固结不排水剪切试验研究。试验结果表明,中高龄期模型固废均表现出持续硬化的应力应变特性,固结排水试验中中龄期模型固废的体变略大于高龄期,固结不排水试验中高龄期模型固废的孔压略高于中龄期。采用15%轴向应变对应的剪应力描述其抗剪强度,并根据Skempton有效应力原理,通过对比固结排水试验和固结不排水试验结果,得出了固废的孔隙水压力折减系数和抗剪强度参数,孔隙水压力折减系数随龄期增加而增大,高龄期模型固废得到的黏聚力低于中龄期,高龄期固废得到的内摩擦角则高于中龄期。     

地名地址数据省市联动更新方法探究

为了解决目前公众对地理信息公共服务平台地名地址数据现势性要求越来越高而传统基础测绘更新速度较慢、周期较长之间的矛盾,本文结合滨州市区的地名地址更新实例,探索了一种基于共享本底数据库的省、市联动协同更新策略,通过合理的任务区划分,按照统一的更新要求,实践有所侧重的核查更新策略,实现了地名地址数据的省、市协同共享,显著提高...