Test method for single interior right angle in a corner cube prism

A new test method for single interior right angle in a corner cube prism is presented. Some key points and parameters are analyzed and derived. The advantage of this method is concluded by comparing with some current conventional methods.     

GPS/GLONASS卫星导航系统组合定位的定权方法研究

正确合理地确定观测值的权是GPS/GLONASS导航系统组合定位中的一个关键技术问题。本文对GPS/GLONASS导航系统组合定位中几种常用的定权方法进行了比较分析,并以GPS/GLONASS的实测数据为例进行了实验,结果表明:在GPS/GLONASS导航系统组合定位中等精度定权的定位结果精度较差,卫星高度角定权和误差分布律概率密度函数定权后的定位结果精度相当,但较等精度定权法的定位精度都有所提高,赫尔默特方差分量估计法定权的定位结果精度最优。     

Calculation and spectra analysis of horizontal acceleration correction (HACC) for airborne gravimetry

On the basis of a sinusoidal model of the disturbed horizontal acceleration, the spectrum characteristics of misaligned angle and horizontal acceleration correction are analyzed. In an airborne gravimetry test, the misaligned angle of platform and horizontal acceleration correction are calculated. They are 5′ and 3 mGal, respectively, when the flight is stable.     

3D Visualization for the Analysis of Forest Cover Change

Abstract

Visualization techniques have been developed to recreate natural landscapes, but little has been done to investigate their potential for illustrating land cover change using spatio‐temporal data. In this work, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and visualization techniques were applied to generate realistic computer visualizations depicting the dynamic nature of forested environments. High resolution digital imagery and aerial photography were classified using object‐oriented methods. The resulting classifications, along with preexisting land cover datasets, were used to drive the correct placement of vegetation in the visualized landscape, providing an accurate representation of reality at various points in time. 3D Nature's Visual Nature Studio was used to construct a variety of realistic images and animations depicting forest cover change in two distinct ecological settings. Visualizations from Yellowstone National Park focused on the dramatic impact of the 1988 fire upon the lodgepole pine forest. For a study area in Kansas, visualization techniques were used to explore the continuous human‐land interactions impacting the eastern deciduous forest and tallgrass prairie ecotone between 1941 and 2002. The resulting products demonstrate the flexibility and effectiveness of visualizations for representing spatio‐temporal patterns such as changing forest cover. These geographic visualizations allow users to communicate findings and explore new hypotheses in a clear, concise and effective manner.     

应用磁视散度及磁源重力异常确定低磁纬度地区磁性体分布-以哥伦比亚普图马约盆地为例

低磁纬度地区受斜磁化的影响,用常规方法很难准确确定磁性体的平面分布特征.为了研究位于低磁纬度地区普图马约盆地的磁性体分布特征,本文根据场的散度原理,假定磁△T异常为具有一定方向的矢量场,其方向与磁化方向一致,导出了磁△T异常视散度的计算方法;根据磁位与引力位的关系,在频率域中通过磁△T异常求取了磁源重力异常,并尝试利用拉普拉斯方程计算磁源重力异常垂向二阶导数.本文设计理论模型讨论了磁△T异常视散度、磁源重力异常垂向二阶导数的特征与磁性体平面分布特征的关系,证明了上述方法的有效性.进而利用上述方法推测了普图马约盆地磁性体的平面分布特征,结果表明:应用磁视散度及磁源重力异常确定的普图马约盆地磁性体分布与实际地质特征吻合较好,取得的成果对普图马约盆地相关地质研究及对低磁纬度地区的磁性体的确定有一定的参考意义.     

NUCLEAR POWER IMPACTS: A CONVERGENCE/DIVERGENCE SCHEMA

Impacts of nuclear power plants are generally considered on a local scale only. A schema that considers local and interstate convergence and divergence is found useful in identifying the widespread nature of the impacts, especially those associated with a local decision to build a nuclear facility. Of the four possible subdivisions within this schema, three apply to the Palo Verde power plant near Phoenix, AZ.     

Factors influencing the formation of shallow landslides in the Boston Mountains of northwest Arkansas,USA

Slope failures cause billions of dollars of damage annually and put human lives at risk. This study employed field measurements and observations to provide the framework for laboratory simulations to investigate the effects of environmental characteristics on slope stability in the highly fractured bedrock region of the Boston Mountains, northwest Arkansas. Field measurements, to determine characteristics and possible controls of 10 shallow slope failures along an interstate highway, revealed that slope failures occurred within a relatively narrow range of slope angles (17–36°) and in loamy soils. Based on field observations, flume experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships between soil texture, slope angle, bedrock fractures, soil compaction, and slope instability. Time to failure differed (p < 0.05) among treatment combinations. Generally, slopes composed of loam were more stable than slopes composed of sand. Time to failure decreased more on slopes of 15–20° than on slopes of 20–25°. Flume slopes with sod cover never failed. This study provided a methodology for using field analyses of slope failures to guide laboratory experiments and demonstrated that complex interactions among environmental factors work to stabilize or compromise steep (>20°) slopes.     

Effects of geological structures on rainfall-runoff responses in headwater catchments in a sedimentary rock mountain

Clarifying rainfall-runoff responses in mountainous areas is essential for disaster prediction as well as water resource management. Although runoff is considered to be significantly affected by topography, some previous studies have reported that geological structures also have significant effects on rainfall-runoff characteristics. Particularly in headwater catchments located in sedimentary rock mountains, dips and strikes may significantly affect rainwater discharge. In this study, the effects of geological structures on rainfall-runoff characteristics were investigated based on observed discharge hydrographs from 12 catchments, which lie radially from the summit of a sedimentary rock mountain. The results obtained were as follows: (1) Even though the topographic wetness index (TWI) distributions of the 12 catchments were similar, there were significant differences in their runoff characteristics; (2) Catchments with average flow direction oriented towards the strike direction (strike-oriented catchments) are characterized by large baseflows; (3) Catchments with average flow direction oriented towards the opposite dip direction (opposite dip-oriented catchments) are steep, and this results in quick storm runoff generation; (4) Catchments with average flow direction oriented toward the dip direction (dip-oriented catchments) are gentle, and this results in delayed storm runoff generation. It was presumed that in strike-oriented catchments, large quantities of groundwater flowing along the bedding planes owing to hydraulic anisotropy, exfiltrate and sustain the large amount of the observed baseflow, that is, in strike-oriented catchments, runoff is directly controlled by geological structures. Conversely, in opposite dip-oriented and dip-oriented catchments, runoff is indirectly controlled by geological structures, that is, geological structures affect slope gradients, which result in differences in storm runoff generation. Thus, this study clearly illustrates that geological structures significantly affect rainfall-runoff responses in headwater catchments located in sedimentary rock mountains.     

Cross-flow vortex-induced vibration reduction of a long flexible cylinder using 3 and 4 control rods with different configurations

Control rod is one of the common passive control methods to suppress the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of cylindrical structures. In this paper, the experimental study is conducted to detailed understand the performance of multiple control rods in suppressing the cross-flow (CF) VIV for a long flexible cylinder. The influence of the spatial arrangement of 3 and 4 control rods on CF VIV response of the main cylinder is investigated in a towing tank. It is observed that the attack angle θ is a very significant parameter to affect the vibration response, dominant frequency and the VIV suppression efficiency of the main cylinder. Based on the suppression efficiencies analysis of VIV response in the present experimental investigation, the spatial arrangement of 3 control rods with θ = 40° and 4 control rods with θ = 30° is the best choice for suppressing the CF VIV response of the main flexible cylinder. Overall, the use of 4 control rods could reduce VIV more effectively than the application of 3 control rods.     

Influence of inclination angles and confining pressures on mechanical behavior of rock materials containing a preexisting crack

To deeply understand the cracking mechanical behavior of brittle rock materials, numerical simulations of a rock specimen containing a single preexisting crack were carried out by the expanded distinct element method (EDEM). Based on the analysis of crack tips and a comparison between stress- and strain-based methods, the strain strength criterion was adopted in the numerical models to simulate the crack initiation and propagation processes under uniaxial and biaxial compression. The simulation results indicated that the crack inclination angle and confining pressure had a great influence on the tensile and shear properties, peak strength, and failure behaviors, which also showed a good agreement with the experimental results. If the specimen was under uniaxial compression, it was found that the initiation stress and peak strength first decreased and then increased with an increasing inclination angle α. Regardless of the size of α, tensile cracks initiated prior to shear cracks. If α was small (such as α ≤ 30°), the tensile cracks dominated the specimen failure, the wing cracks propagated towards the direction of uniaxial compression, and the propagation of shear cracks was inhibited by the high concentration of tensile stress. In contrast, if α was large (such as α ≥ 45°), mixed cracks dominated the specimen failure, and the external loading favored the further propagation of shear cracks. Analyzing the numerical results of the specimen with a 45° inclination angle under biaxial compression, it was revealed that lateral confinement had a significant influence on the initiation sequence and the mechanical properties of new cracks.