Optimal Forward-Scattering Angles of Atmospheric Aerosols in North China

The accurate understanding of atmospheric aerosol extinction coefficients is very important for at- mospheric science research. To achieve a fast and simple method for determining the parameters, the selection of optimal forward-scattering angles of atmospheric aerosols is required. In this paper, the authors introduce the detec- tion basis of forward-scattering of atmospheric aerosols, and the authors verify the sensitivity of the phase function to the real part of the complex refractive index. The au- thors use the Jaenicke urban aerosol model to determine that forward-scattering angles near 33° are suitable. However, the optimal forward-scattering angles in North China are between 37° and 40°. Numerical simulation shows that certain types of particle size distribution of newly generated particles and pollution have limited in- fluences on the selection of forward-scattering angles. But the ranges of these insensitive angles shift - 10 degrees for dust intrusion, and the relative deviations of the phase function are less than 5.0% within extra angles of 0° to 3°. This study can serve as a reference for the selection of optimal forward-scattering angles for visibility meters and Present Weather Identifiers （PWIs） in addition to the de- tection of forward-scattering optical properties.     

湛江地区一次冷锋型海雾微物理特征

利用2010年3月31日—4月2日冷锋天气系统影响下湛江海雾综合观测资料,分析了海雾的微物理特征及海雾过程中气溶胶粒子谱的演变特征。结果表明,海雾的生消与风场密切相关,海雾生成和发展与较强的ESE气流相联系,而弱的NE气流则会促使海雾减弱或消散。湛江海雾的雾滴数浓度为100~102cm-3,液态含水量为0.001~0.232 g·m-3,雾滴平均半径小于10μm,雾滴峰值半径多位于1.4μm。海雾雾滴谱分布以单调递减谱为主,谱宽超过20μm,且雾发展过程中雾滴谱谱宽存在突然增宽和迅速减小的现象。海雾过程中雾滴数浓度的变化主要是由半径小于5μm的雾滴数密度变化引起的。海雾过程对气溶胶粒子的湿清除效果并不显著,雾过程中粒径小于0.1μm和大于4μm的气溶胶粒子数密度显著减少,但在雾消散后又迅速恢复到雾发生前的水平。     

The Role of the Aerosol Indirect Effect in the Northern Indian Ocean Warming Simulated by CMIP5 Models

The northern Indian Ocean （NIO） experienced a decadal-scale persistent warming from 1950 to 2000, which has influenced both regional and global climate. Because the NIO is a region susceptible to aerosols emis- sion changes, and there are still large uncertainties in the representation of the aerosol indirect effect （ALE） in CMIP5 （Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5） models, it is necessary to investigate the role of the AIE in the NIO warming simulated by these models. In this study, the authors select seven CMIP5 models with both the aerosol direct and indirect effects to investigate their performance in simulating the basin-wide decadal-scale NIO warming. The results show that the decreasing trend of the downwelling shortwave flux （FSDS） at the surface has the major damping effect on the SST increasing trend, which counteracts the warming effect of greenhouse gases （GHGs）. The FSDS decreasing trend is mostly contrib- uted by the decreasing trend of cloudy-sky surface downwelling shortwave flux （FSDSCL）, a metric used to measure the strength of the AIE, and partly by the clear-sky surface downwelling shortwave flux （FSDSC）. Models with a relatively weaker AIE can simulate well the SST increasing trend, as compared to observation. In contrast, models with a relatively stronger AIE produce a much smaller magnitude of the increasing trend, indicat- ing that the strength of the AIE in these models may be overestimated in the NIO.     

陕西关中气溶胶对大气能见度的影响研究

为了研究大气污染对能见度的影响,利用MODIS卫星气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)产品、陕西关中地区43个气象观测站能见度资料、西安泾河太阳光度计CE318气溶胶观测资料以及泾河站风速、相对湿度、能见度观测资料,分别分析了卫星MODIS/AOD和地基CE318/AOD与能见度、低能见度日数的关系以及在不同风速、相对湿度时AOD与能见度的关系。结果表明,陕西关中MODIS/AOD的空间分布与能见度分布具有明显对应关系,冬、春季AOD与08:00(北京时,下同)能见度相关最好,夏、秋季AOD与14:00能见度相关最好。去除降水因素后,空气中颗粒物污染是造成秋、冬季出现低能见度的主要原因。地基观测的气溶胶波长指数在0.8~1.2之间时对能见度的影响最大。空气中颗粒物造成的能见度下降与相对湿度密切相关,湿度越大,能见度下降越明显。风速小,大气中的颗粒物容易聚集,使能见度变差;风速大,有利于空气中颗粒物扩散,使能见度得到改善。用AOD估算能见度时,需要考虑大气相对湿度和风速的影响。     

对流层气溶胶的直接气候效应对平流层的影响

通过WACCM-3模式中气溶胶光学厚度与卫星资料的对比发现,模式可以很好地再现全球气溶胶的主要分布特征,但在一些区域还存在数值上的差异。利用数值试验研究对流层气溶胶的直接气候效应对平流层气候的影响,结果表明:对流层气溶胶对平流层气候有明显影响,平流层化学过程在这一影响中起重要作用,而对流层气溶胶对平流层辐射的影响不是其直接气候效应对平流层影响的主要原因。其机制可能是对流层气溶胶改变对流层的辐射平衡,影响对流层的温度和大气环流,进而影响行星波的上传,使得平流层气候发生变化;影响区域主要位于高纬度和极地地区,南半球的变化比北半球大,温度变化最大达10 K,纬向风变化最大可达12 m/s,臭氧体积分数最多减少0.8×10-6。     

基于MODIS的春、夏季中国近海气溶胶对于云参数的影响差异研究

通过分析中国近海MODIS数据中气溶胶参数与云参数的相互关系,讨论了该区域气溶胶的间接效应及其对于云的可能影响.结果表明,在中国近海,气溶胶具有明显的间接效应,而且由于气溶胶种类和水汽的季节变化,使得气溶胶的间接作用具有很强的时间变化特征.在夏季,由于人为气溶胶占主导,它作为有效的云凝结核,使得气溶胶光学厚度（AOT）分别与云凝结核数（CCN）有正相关、与云滴有效半径（CER）有负相关性、与云光学厚度（COT）也存在着正相关,气溶胶的间接效应明显;在春季,由于沙尘气溶胶盛行,同时沙尘并不是很好的云凝结核,使得气溶胶光学厚度（AOT）分别与云凝结核数（CCN）的正相关减弱、与云滴有效半径（CER）则由夏季的负相关变为正相关、与云光学厚度（COT）存在弱的负相关,气溶胶的间接效应不明显.     

The Characteristics of Atmospheric Ice Nuclei Measured at Different Altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China简

The concentration of ice nuclei （IN） and the relationship with aerosol particles were measured and analyzed using three 5-L mixing cloud chambers and a static diffusion cloud chamber at three altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China from May to September 2011.The results showed that the mean total number concentration of IN on the highest peak of the Huangshan Mountains at an activation temperature （Ta） of-20℃C was 16.6 L-1.When the supersaturation with respect to water （Sw） and with respect to ice （Si） were set to 5％,the average number concentrations of IN measured at an activation temperature of-20℃C by the static diffusion cloud chamber were 0.89 and 0.105 L-1,respectively.A comparison of the concentrations of IN at three different altitudes showed that the concentration of IN at the foot of the mountains was higher than at the peak.A further calculation of the correlation between IN and the concentrations of aerosol particles of different size ranges showed that the IN concentration was well correlated with the concentration of aerosol particles in the size range of 1.2-20 μtm.It was also found that the IN concentration varied with meteorological conditions,such as wind speed,with higher IN concentrations often observed on days with strong wind.An analysis of the backward trajectories of air masses showed that low IN concentrations were often related to air masses travelling along southwest pathways,while higher IN concentrations were usually related to those transported along northeast pathways.     

东亚季风区近地面大气气溶胶中OCPs和PCBs纬度分布：以7Be为参照系

连续一年在北京、青岛、广州以每周3d的时间尺度同步采集近地面大气中气溶胶中7Be的测定数据以及在春、秋季节变换时期我国5个不同纬度城市大气气溶胶中7Be和典型持久性有机污染物（有机氯农药和多氯联苯1的同步观测数据,并对文献上发表的我国其他城市近地面大气中气溶胶中’Be年平均值数据进行了分析。通过对以上数据资料的总结和分析,观察到在东亚季风区近地表大气气溶胶中7Be浓度的年平均值呈现正态分布模式,并且在中纬度北纬40°N附近达到极大值。大气气溶胶中7Be在春、秋季节变换时期我国不同纬度城市的瞬时纬度分布仍呈现正态分布模式,但以30°N为最大值。在秋季大气颗粒相中HCHs和PCBs浓度最大值出现在30°N。气相中PCB-28所占百分比随纬度增高而增大,而颗粒相中PCB-28的纬度变化不大。蒸汽压较低的PCB-180在气相中的浓度基本上不随纬度变化,而颗粒相中PCB-180则基本上集中在纬度36。N左右,表明在东亚季风区大气中挥发性较低的POPs化合物具有某种纬度聚焦作用。以宇宙射线成因核素7Be作为大气环流的参照系,可以得出东亚季风区大气环流可影响持久性有机污染物纬度分布的结论。     

从森林排放到气溶胶形成

正森林向大气中排放大量挥发性有机物。森林排放的挥发性有机物的可凝结氧化产物能形成二次有机气溶胶,后者能通过散射太阳辐射和充当云凝结核来影响地球的辐射平衡。但我们对源于生物的挥发性有机物与它们向气溶胶颗粒的转化之间联系的认识仍然有限。     

乌鲁木齐冬季黑碳气溶胶污染特征初步研究

利用2010年2月乌鲁木齐大气成分观测站黒碳仪观测数据,结合散射系数及常规观测资料,对乌鲁木齐冬季黑碳气溶胶浓度变化特征进行了分析,并通过气流后向轨迹进行了来源分析。结果表明：(1)观测期间BC质量浓度日平均值为12707±4673 ng.m-3,浓度变化范围为4916~22997 ng.m-3,散射系数日均值为1086±561Mm-1,变化范围为350~2232 Mm-1。BC质量浓度和散射系数日均值变化趋势基本一致;(2)BC质量浓度日变化具有明显的峰值和谷值,峰值分别出现在9~11时和20~22时,谷值分别出现在4~6时和16~18时,散射系数与BC质量浓度日变化趋势基本一致,相对其有一定的滞后。春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对空气污染物浓度上升有明显作用,显著影响BC质量浓度日变化规律;(3)乌鲁木齐冬季大气层结稳定,污染物不易扩散,风速和降水对黑碳气溶胶浓度具有明显的稀释作用。在乌鲁木齐特殊的地形和气象条件下,本地源排放与来自周边城市群污染物输送的叠加使得污染更加严重。