南岭山地一次锋面浓雾过程的边界层结构分析

利用2001年3月上旬在南岭山地进行的综合野外观测资料,分析了有雾和无雾时的天气型和边界层风、温、湿结构特征。分析表明,冷空气影响期间出现的地面雾是低空湿度饱和区向地面扩展,云底接地形成的雾,锋面雾消散过程实质上为雾层底逐渐抬升离开地面的过程。边界层结构受天气系统的影响,锋面逆温结构对雾的维持有重要作用,单层强逆温结构有利于雾的发展和维持,多层(双层)弱逆温结构容易导致雾消散;出现雾与前期低空南风强劲,高空盛行西南或西南西气流,充分回暖增湿,导致整层空气湿度大有密切关系;浓雾维持期间,出现小到中雨时,雨强峰值时间段都出现能见度短时好转的现象,否则则反之,表明云雾中的微物理过程与能见度有密切关系。     

华南地区网格化在路机动车污染排放量估算与分析

在机动车数据的基础上,利用SMOKE模式估算了华南地区在路机动车污染物排放量,得到了用于空气质量数值模拟的网格化机动车排放源数据。估算结果显示机动车排放源主要分布在珠江三角洲和华南沿海地区,其中珠江三角洲排放量最大,且在深圳香港、广州、珠海澳门三个中心城市区分别出现了三个机动车排放中心,这三个中心与区域经济发达程度有较好的对应。分析还表明,快速增长的摩托车和小汽车数量对机动车排放总量的影响很大,是造成华南城市空气质量恶化的重要因素。     

南海季风建立前后珠江三角洲的陆气热量交换与热力边界层结构特征

根据动力与热力指标,2004和2005年南海季风建立前后可分成明显的4个阶段——季风建立前的雨期、非雨期;季风建立后的活跃期与非活跃期。对2004和2005年南海季风建立前后的广州番禺综合外场观测资料进行分析,得到了这4个阶段陆气热量交换与热力边界层的主要特征:净辐射与净短波辐射的变化趋势基本一致,净短波辐射与净长波辐射之比为3.49—4.81,净短波辐射是净辐射的主要贡献项,云量与降水是控制净短波辐射与净辐射的直接因素;季风活跃期间午间对流云系对太阳辐射衰减显著,造成了辐射各分量以及热通量的峰值区变窄,量值急剧变小;季风建立前后感热与潜热均是净辐射的主要消耗项,占净辐射的90%以上,潜热明显大于感热,2005年较2004年潜热的分配额有明显的增加,其原因可能与近地层的风速较大,总是维持向上的湿度梯度有关;季风建立前后除季风活跃期外边界层位温结构均具有明显的日变化特征,午间混合层可发展至1070m,而季风活跃期间午间混合层发展受到对流云释放潜热的抑制,导致季风活跃期混合层消失的现象,分析还发现季风建立前后各阶段夜间残余混合层均不明显。分析表明引起陆气能量过程及边界层热力结构差异的关键因素之一是云系与降水,加强边界层过程与降水宏微观过程相互作用的研究是深入认识陆气过程与边界层结构特征的关键。     

到达地面的太阳柴油外车辆射强度的观测 到达地面的太阳紫外辐射强度的观测

紫外辐射强度的公众服务一般用紫外线指数来表示，是衡量某地正午前后到达地面的太阳紫外辐射对人体皮肤（或眼睛）可能损害的程度指标，它主要依赖于纬度、季节、平流层臭氧、云况、海拔高度、地面反照率和大气污染状态等条件。紫外线辐射强度的观测主要使用紫外光谱辐射计与滤光片式的紫外辐射表。     

太阳紫外线辐射及其生物效应

紫外（UV）辐射在太阳幅射光谱中的谱区范围是在100－400nm间，其能量仅占太阳辐射总量的8％，按照不同波长线所起的生物作用，可分为三部分，紫外线A段（UV－A），波长320－400nm，约占太阳辐射总量的6％，这部分生物作用较弱，主要是色素沉着作用，紫外线B段（UV-B），波长290－320nm，约占太阳辐射总量的1．5％，此段对人体影响较大，主要作用是抗佝偻病和红斑作用，是引起民皮肤癌，白内障，免疫系统能力下降的主要原因之一，紫外线C段（UV－C），波长100－290nm，约占太阳辐射总量的0．5％，由于几乎完全被臭氧层吸收而不能达到地面，以人工发生的紫外线灯进行实验，这段紫外线具有最大杀菌力，对机体细胞也有强烈的刺激破坏作用。     

热带沿海近地层大气的湍流结构和谱特征

利用１９９０年在海南省海口市天尾村的一次观测的资料，分析了速度分量谱、湍流强度等湍流特征量。这批资料多是有云影响情况下，稳定度参数（Ｌ）与热通量（ｗｔ）没有日变化规律，但湍能、平均温度仍具有日变化规律；湍谱的基本特征与晴天天气的谱基本相似，在惯性副区接近局地各向同性，速度谱符合相似理论的“－２／３”次方规律；根据Ｍ－Ｏ相似理论，探讨了各分量湍强δｉ／Ｕ＊（ｉ＝ｕ，ｖ，ｗ）与稳定度Ｚ／Ｌ的关系，表明各分量湍强与稳定度Ｚ／Ｌ仍具有“１／３”次方规律，但湍强和湍流能量比一般平坦地形下垫面的大     

广州气溶胶质量谱与水溶性成分谱的年变化特征

广州气溶胶质量谱与水溶性成分谱的年变化特征吴兑，陈位超（广州热带海洋气象研究所，广州，５１００８０）近年来，我们曾在粤、桂、琼三省华南广大地区采集并分析了大气气溶胶分级样品，从气溶胶参与雨水酸化过程，吸湿性气溶胶作为凝结核的作用，以及海岸地带吸湿性粒...     

DISTRIBUTION FEATURES OF GIANT SEA-SALT NUCLEI IN ATMOSPHERE OVER YONGXING ISLAND, XISHA ISLANDS,DURING NORTHEAST WINTER MONSOON

In this paper, the chlorine ions nuclei data, observed at Yongxing (Xisha Islands) during November 1987, are analyzed. The main results are:1) The average concentration of chiorine ions nuclei with dry diameters larger than 2 μm is 878 per litre and the average salt content is 105. 4μg/m³, in which special giant nuclei with dry diameters larger than 4 μm are 19O per litre. The largest dry diameter of chloride ions observed reaches 57 μm, which are larger than that observed there during the southwest summer monsoon. The spetrum type shows quasi-unimodal and exponential lapse. 2) The salt content decreases with the height over sea surface. 3) The concentrations of chlorine ions nuclei reach the maximum value at 0800 (Local time, same below). and minimum at 0200.     

Retrieval of Boundary Layer Height and Its Influence on PM 2.5 Concentration Based on Lidar Observation over Guangzhou

Wavelet analysis was applied to lidar observations to retrieve the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH)over Guangzhou from September 2013 to November 2014 over Guangzhou. Impact of the boundary effect and the wavelet scale factor on the accuracy of the retrieved PBLH has been explored thoroughly. In addition, the PBLH diurnal variations and the relationship between PM_(2.5) concentration and PBLH during polluted and clean episodes were studied. Results indicate that the most steady retrieved PBLH can be obtained when scale factor is chosen between 300-390 m. The retrieved maximum and minimum PBLH in the annual mean diurnal cycle were ～1100 m and ～650 m, respectively. The PBLH was significantly lower in the dry season than in the wet season, with the average highest PBLH in the dry season and the wet season being ～1050 m and ～1200 m respectively. Compared to the wet season, the development of PBLH in the dry season was delayed by at least one hour due to the seasonal cycle of solar radiation. Episode analysis indicated that the PBLH was ～50% higher during clean episodes than during haze episodes. The average highest PBLH in the haze episodes and clean episodes were ～800 m and ～1300 m,respectively. A significant negative correlation between PBLH and PM_(2.5) concentration(r =-0.55**) is discovered.According to China"Ambient Air Quality Standard", the PBLH values in good and slightly polluted conditions were 1/6-1/3 lower than that in excellent conditions, while the corresponding PM_(2.5) concentration were ～2-2.5 times higher.     

MEASUREMENTS OF PARTICLE NUMBER SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND NEW PARTICLE FORMATION EVENTS DURING WINTER IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION, CHINA

Particle number size distribution(PNSD) between 10 nm and 20 μm were measured in the Pearl River Delta(PRD) region in winter 2011.The average particle number concentration of the nucleation mode(10-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm),accumulation mode(100 nm-1μm) and coarse mode(1-20 μm) particles were 1 552,7 470,4 012,and 19 cm-3,respectively.The volume concentration of accumulation mode particles with peak at 300 nm accounted for over 70% of the total volume concentration.Diurnal variations and dependencies on meteorological parameters of PNSD were investigated.The diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles was mainly influenced by new particle formation events,while the diurnal variation of Aitken mode particles correlated to the traffic emission and the growth process of nucleation mode particles.When the PRD region was controlled by a cold high pressure,conditions of low relative humidity,high wind speed and strong radiation are favorable for the occurrence of new particle formation(NPF) events.The frequency of occurrence of NPF events was 21.3% during the whole measurement period.Parameters describing NPF events,including growth rate(GR) and source rate of condensable vapor(Q),were slightly larger than those in previous literature.This suggests that intense photochemical and biological activities may be the source of condensable vapor for particle growth,even during winter in the PRD.