内蒙古西沙德盖钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

西沙德盖钼矿床是近年来在内蒙古中西部地区找到的一处中型钼矿床。钼矿化在西沙德盖斑状钾长花岗岩株及其与太古界乌拉山群变质岩接触带内呈浸染状和脉状产出,并且构成透镜状矿体。本次研究过程中,对9件代表性辉钼矿样品进行了Re-Os同位素年龄测定,Re-Os同位素模式年龄值变化范围为222.4～226.3 Ma,等时线年龄为(226.4±3.3) Ma,与赋矿围岩花岗斑岩的成岩年龄一致,由此认为西沙德盖钼矿床与斑状钾长花岗岩的形成时间均为晚三叠世,属印支晚期构造_岩浆活动的产物。结合矿区外围其他钼矿床同位素年龄数据,可以推测,内蒙古中西部大规模钼矿化发生的时间为印支晚期。古大陆内部张裂构造作用所诱发的岩浆活动是导致钼矿床形成的主导因素。     

四川盆地川东南地区“源—盖”匹配关系研究

采用重建烃源岩生烃史("源")和泥质盖层排替压力演化史("盖")的方法,研究源—盖动态匹配关系,以确定泥质盖层封闭动态有效性。针对川东南地区丁山1井泥质盖层封闭性的研究结果表明:川东南地区寒武系泥质盖层不仅封闭性能形成时间早(早于震旦系烃源岩生烃时间),而且排替压力大(最大排替压力高达26MPa),封闭能力强,具备封闭超高压气藏的能力,"源—盖"匹配关系好,对下伏烃源岩具备有效封盖作用;志留系泥质盖层虽然现今排替压力较大,但封闭性形成时间晚于下伏寒武系烃源岩生烃时间,"源—盖"匹配关系不理想,有效封闭性较差;二叠系和三叠系泥质盖层封闭性形成时间分别早于志留系和二叠系烃源岩的生烃时间,具备有效封闭能力,且最大排替压力都大于10MPa,可封闭高压气藏。     

关于南天山碰撞造山时代的讨论

南天山是天山山脉的一支,是中亚型造山带的典型代表,它经历了复杂的增生—碰撞过程。关于古南天山洋最终闭合—碰撞造山(碰撞事件)发生的时间一直存在不同的认识,争论由来已久。综合分析南天山造山带的构造、地层、古生物、岩石、地球化学和同位素年代学等方面的资料,特别是对放射虫、蛇绿岩、蓝片岩、火山弧及前陆盆地沉积等地质事实的研究,我们认为,南天山碰撞造山作用起始于二叠纪末—三叠纪初。     

New Urbanist developments in flood-prone areas: safe development,or safe development paradox?

Government policies intended to reduce flood losses can increase the potential for catastrophe by stimulating development inside the floodplain, a phenomenon referred to as the “safe development paradox.” New Urbanist design has the potential to both exacerbate and alleviate flood risks. Because they are built at relatively high densities, New Urbanist developments can exacerbate risk by placing more people and property in harm’s way. Conversely, New Urbanist design features theoretically better enable designers of New Urbanist developments to avoid floodplain portions of project sites than designers of conventional subdivisions. Using a sample of New Urbanist developments in the US that contain floodplain portions within their boundaries, this paper focuses on whether and why these developments locate built structures inside the floodplain. The authors find that roughly 30% of the developments locate structures inside the floodplain, and that the odds of locating structures inside the floodplain increase with the proportion of the project site located inside the floodplain and decrease with the presence of government policies that prohibit residential development in the floodplain. The authors also identify confusion among government planners regarding the distinction between pre and postconstruction floodplain boundaries. A subset of New Urbanist developments is found to have built structures located outside the postconstruction floodplain boundary, but inside the preconstruction floodplain boundary. This finding is cited as an example of the “safe development paradox” in action. The authors recommend changes in New Urbanist design codes and local government floodplain management to increasingly direct new development away from the floodplain.     

Atlanta’s urban heat island under extreme heat conditions and potential mitigation strategies

The urban heat island (UHI), together with summertime heat waves, foster’s biophysical hazards such as heat stress, air pollution, and associated public health problems. Mitigation strategies such as increased vegetative cover and higher albedo surface materials have been proposed. Atlanta, Georgia, is often affected by extreme heat, and has recently been investigated to better understand its heat island and related weather modifications. The objectives of this research were to (1) characterize temporal variations in the magnitude of UHI around Metro Atlanta area, (2) identify climatological attributes of the UHI under extremely high temperature conditions during Atlanta’s summer (June, July, and August) period, and (3) conduct theoretical numerical simulations to quantify the first-order effects of proposed mitigation strategies. Over the period 1984–2007, the climatological mean UHI magnitude for Atlanta-Athens and Athens-Monticello was 1.31 and 1.71°C, respectively. There were statistically significant minimum temperature trends of 0.70°C per decade at Athens and −1.79°C per decade at Monticello while Atlanta’s minimum temperature remained unchanged. The largest (smallest) UHI magnitudes were in spring (summer) and may be coupled to cloud-radiative cycles. Heat waves in Atlanta occurred during 50% of the years spanning 1984–2007 and were exclusively summertime phenomena. The mean number of heat wave events in Atlanta during a given heat wave year was 1.83. On average, Atlanta heat waves lasted 14.18 days, although there was quite a bit of variability (standard deviation of 9.89). The mean maximum temperature during Atlanta’s heat waves was 35.85°C. The Atlanta-Athens UHI was not statistically larger during a heat wave although the Atlanta-Monticello UHI was. Model simulations captured daytime and nocturnal UHIs under heat wave conditions. Sensitivity results suggested that a 100% increase in Atlanta’s surface vegetation or a tripling of its albedo effectively reduced UHI surface temperature. However, from a mitigation and technological standpoint, there is low feasibility of tripling albedo in the foreseeable future. Increased vegetation seems to be a more likely choice for mitigating surface temperature.     

兰州地区新近纪地层的沉积相与古环境记录

兰州地区位于黄土和青藏高原的过渡带,其第三纪地层对研究风尘沉积发育和青藏高原隆升都有着特殊的意义。本研究以0.25 m为间距对厚度210 m的兰州皋兰山剖面的新近纪地层采集样品901个,在实验室对试验样品进行前处理后对其进行了粒度、磁化率和色度测试。用粒度分布函数的方法分离了沉积物的各成因组分,确定了风成组分和水成组分在全剖面沉积物中所占的百分比。结合色度和磁化率的实验结果分析表明,皋兰山剖面地层以风尘沉积为主,其间夹有河流相沉积的约15层砂岩。古环境的恢复表明,兰州地区从至少约7 Ma开始,沉积地层经历了由河湖相向风尘沉积转变,气候干旱化开始,与黄土高原风尘序列堆积底界8～7 Ma基本一致。6～5.2 Ma构造稳定,是比较开阔的平原环境,并且气候条件比较湿热;5.2～3.5 Ma间构造波动比较频繁,形成了间隔性的河流相砂岩沉积,而在气候表现为干冷;自3.5 Ma开始,兰州地区发生相对构造沉陷,五泉砾岩层的发育是对青藏运动A幕的具体响应。     

试论火山岩油气藏成藏机理

全球100多个国家/地区在火山岩内或其周围发现了油气藏或油气显示,展示了火山岩油气藏勘探的广阔前景。火山岩已从油气勘探的"禁区"转变为了"靶区",成为油气勘探的新目标。火山岩储集物性较好,其本身可直接作为储层,各类侵入体与围岩相互作用还可形成与火成岩有关的圈闭。火山岩油气藏的烃源包括有机成因和无机成因两种。火山作用可以明显提高烃源岩内有机质的成熟度,加快烃的产生,促进油气运移,并为无机成因烃提供合成原料(CO_2和H_2等)和运移通道。虽然火山岩在盆地早期尤为发育,约占盆地充填体积的1/4,但是目前火山岩油气储量仅占世界油气探明储量的1%左右,勘探潜力巨大。中国沉积盆地内发育不同时代火山岩,火山岩储层与烃源岩匹配较好,无机成因气来源丰富,火山岩油气藏正在成为我国油气勘探的重要领域之一。     

大兴安岭北部塔河花岗杂岩体的地球化学特征及成因

塔河杂岩体位于塔源-喜桂图缝合带北侧的额尔古纳地块东部,是早古生代侵入的花岗杂岩体。该杂岩体的主要岩石类型为正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩,少量碱长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,辉长岩以包体存在于花岗岩中。岩石成因类型为典型的Ⅰ型后造山侵入体。岩体在野外地质特征、矿物组合、显微结构、化学成分及锆石Hf同位素特征等方面都表现出岩浆混合成因。在早古生代额尔古纳地块与兴安地块拼合后的后造山伸展拉张背景下,地壳和地幔都发生部分熔融,直接起源于亏损地幔的玄武质岩浆侵入到下地壳熔融的花岗质岩浆房,经结晶分异作用,形成了塔河杂岩体不同的岩石类型。花岗岩的εHf(t)为-0.8~+5.6之间,Hf模式年龄在0.9~1.5Ga之间,反映塔河花岗岩的源岩应该是在中-新元古代时期由亏损地幔起源的新生地壳物质。结合额尔古纳地块早古生代和中生代花岗岩锆石Hf同位素资料,我们认为额尔古纳地块在中-新元古代时曾发生过一次重要的地壳增生事件。     

Mobilization of natural arsenic in groundwater: targeting low arsenic aquifers in high arsenic occurrence areas

研究表明饮用水中微小数量的砷会对人类健康产生不利影响.世界上居住在贫穷地区的人数超过了100万,目前他们正直接饮用来自含水层中砷离子含量(>10μg/L)非安全标准的地下水.砷有时称为毒中之王,在水环境中常常以五价氧化物形式出现.自2000年以来,许多国家开始执行更为严格的10μg/L(WHO认可的居民安全饮水标准)饮用水标准,可以确定地说,在世界范围内的饮用水中检测到砷的情况越来越多.亚洲地区砷中毒的人数比世界其他地区总和还多.最受影响的地区位于南亚和东南亚富砷带,环绕恒河一雅鲁藏布江-梅克纳河三角洲及恒河平原上游的冲洪积扇含水层、红河三角洲、湄公河和伊洛瓦底江;在中国境内包括内蒙黄河冲积盆地,山西大同盆地、新疆准噶尔盆地,其中的地下水富含砷和氟化物而引发砷中毒和氟中毒.尽管还未完全掌握其中的水文地质及生物地球化学作用的详细过程,但对大多数沉积介质含水层,在还原条件下砷离子容易从沉积介质转移到地下水中.孟加拉研究实例表明地质时期尺度的冲刷降低了沉积介质中的As和有机物含量从而形成低砷地下水.这一认识为孟加拉国的降砷策略提供了科学指导,是未来水文学,矿物学,地质学和生物地球化学方面很有意义的研究方向,并有利于地砷病区低砷地下水的可持续利用.     

白龙江下游涉核地区的放射性环境水平现状调查

通过对白龙江下游涉核地区及周边地区的汽车能谱测量和地面伽玛能谱测量以及空气中的氡浓度的监测,得出区内各地层中的U、Th、K含量均符合当地各地层的特性,与当地本底基本一致,空气氡浓度范围为183.9~305.8 Bq/m3,均属正常,符合当地的天然放射性环境情况,对环境无任何影响。