Factors influencing the hydraulic properties of wells in dolomite aquifers of Slovenia

The influence of eight factors on hydraulic parameters (transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, specific capacity, specific capacity index and maximum yields) are analysed, with data based on hydrogeological reports of 298 wells in dolomite aquifers in Slovenia. Influence of lithological properties is very significant, with the highest values of analysed variables observed in pure late-diagenetic intensely fractured Cordevolian dolomites, followed by Anisian and Late Triassic (‘Main’ dolomite) dolomites with high carbonate content and high primary porosity. The hydraulic parameters are not dependent on aquifer age, partial penetration, and well depth. The effects of depth to the water table and existence of low permeability overburden are not of major importance. The hydraulic parameter values are higher the closer to a river the wells are located, and topographic setting has a major effect. From the well reports, it was not always deduced whether the values of hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity stand for the values of the fractures or of the matrix, so it is proposed that when there is doubt as to whether these values are properly calculated, the most accurate parameters that can be used for a further prediction of aquifer yield are the specific capacity and, to a somewhat lesser extent, the specific capacity index.

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Résumé  L’influence de 8 facteurs sur les paramètres hydrauliques (transmissivité, perméabilité, débit spécifique, courbe caractéristique et débit critique) est analysée sur des données issues des rapports de 298 puits dans les aquifères dolomitiques de Slovénie. L’influence des propriétés lithologiques est très significative : les valeurs les plus élevées sont observées dans les dolomies cordevoliennes pures, intensément fracturées et de diagénèse tardive, puis dans les dolomies de l’Anisien et du Trias Supérieur, avec une teneur élevée en carbonates et une forte porosité primaire. Les paramètres hydrauliques ne dépendent pas de l’age de l’aquifère, de la pénétration partielle ou de la profondeur. Les effets du niveau piézométrique et de l’existence d’une couverture peu perméable sont mineurs. Les paramètres hydrauliques augmentent à proximité des rivières, et la topographie a une influence majeure. Les rapports de forage ne stipulent pas systématiquement si les valeurs de perméabilité et de transmissivité sont relatives au réseau de fractures ou à la matrice ; il a par conséquent été proposé qu’en cas de doute sur le calcul de ces valeurs, les paramètres les plus significatifs pour remonter à la productivité de l’aquifère soient le débit spécifique et, dans une moindre mesure, la courbe caractéristique.

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Resumen  Se analiza la influencia de ocho factores sobre parámetros hidráulicos (transmisividad, conductividad hidráulica, capacidad específica, índice de capacidad específica, y rendimientos máximos) en base a datos de reportes hidrogeológicos de 298 pozos en acuíferos de dolomía en Eslovenia. La influencia de las propiedades litológicas es muy significativa con los valores más altos de variables analizadas presentes en dolomías Cordevolianas con diagénesis tardía fracturadas intensamente, seguidas por dolomías (dolomía “Principal”) del Anisiano y Triásico Tardío con alto contenido de carbonato y alta porosidad primaria. Los valores de los parámetros hidráulicos no son dependientes de la edad del acuífero, penetración parcial, y profundidad del pozo. Los efectos de profundidad al nivel freático y existencia de cobertura de baja permeabilidad no son de importancia fundamental. Los valores de los parámetros hidráulicos son más altos mientras más cerca de un río se localizan los pozos y el ámbito topográfico tiene un efecto principal. No se pudo deducir de los reportes de los pozos si los valores de transmisividad y conductividad hidráulica representan valores de las fracturas o de la matriz, de modo que se propone que cuando exista duda en cuanto a que si estos valores se han calculado de manera adecuada, los parámetros de mayor precisión que pueden utilizarse para una predicción futura del rendimiento del acuífero son la capacidad específica y, en menor medida, el índice de capacidad específica.

     

Magmatic fabrics and emplacement of the cone-sheet-bearing Knížecí Stolec durbachitic pluton (Moldanubian Unit, Bohemian Massif): implications for mid-crustal reworking of granulitic lower crust in the Central European Variscides

The ∼340 Ma Knížecí Stolec durbachitic pluton was emplaced as a deep-seated cone-sheet-bearing ring complex into the Křišt’anov granulite body (Moldanubian Unit, Bohemian Massif). Prior to the emplacement of the durbachitic magma, the steep sub-concentric metamorphic foliation in the granulite formed due to intense ductile folding during high-grade retrograde metamorphism. Subsequently, the durbachitic pluton intruded discordantly into the granulite at around ∼340 Ma. The steep margin-parallel magmatic fabric in the durbachitic rocks may have recorded intrusive strain during emplacement. After the emplacement, but prior to the final solidification, the pluton was overprinted by the regional flat-lying fabric under lower pressure–temperature conditions (T = 765 ± 53°C; P = 0.76 ± 0.15 GPa). Based on this study and comparison with other ultrapotassic plutons, we suggest that the flat-lying fabrics, widespread throughout the exhumed lower to middle crust (Moldanubian Unit), exhibit major variations in character, intensity, kinematics, and shape of the fabric ellipsoid. These fabrics may have formed at different structural levels and in different parts of the root prior to ~337 Ma. Therefore, we suggest that this apparently “single” orogenic fabric recorded multiple deformation events and heterogenous finite deformation rather than reflecting a single displacement field within the orogenic root.     

Erosion rates on subalpine paleosurfaces in the western Mediterranean by in-situ <Superscript>10</Superscript>Be concentrations in granites: implications for surface processes and long-term landscape evolution in Corsica (France)

A study of erosion rates by in-situ ¹⁰Be concentrations in granites of Miocene high-elevation paleosurfaces in Corsica indicates maximum erosion rates between 8 and 24 mm/kyear. The regional distribution of measured erosion rates indicates that the local climatic conditions, namely precipitation, the petrographic composition of granites, and the degree of brittle deformation govern erosion rates. Chemical erosion dominates even at elevations around 2,000 m in presently subalpine climate conditions. Field evidence indicates that erosion operates by continuous dissolution and/or disintegration to grains (grusification). The erosion rates are relatively high with respect to the preservation of inferred Early Miocene landscapes. We infer temporal burial in the Middle Miocene and significantly lower erosion rates in the Neogene until ∼3 Ma to explain the preservation of paleosurfaces, in line with fission track data. Valley incision rates that are a magnitude higher than erosion rates on summit surfaces result in relief enhancement and long-term isostatic surface uplift. On the other hand, widening and deepening of valleys by cyclic glaciation progressively destroys the summit surface relics.

A spatial fuzzy influence diagram for modelling spatial objects’ dependencies: a case study on tree-related electric outages

Spatial objects can be interconnected and mutually dependent in complex ways. In Geographical Information Science, spatial objects’ topological relationships are not discussed together with their attributes’ dependencies, and the vagueness of spatial objects is often ignored during the spatial modelling process. To address this, a spatial fuzzy influence diagram (SFID) is introduced. Compared to the traditional statistical or fuzzy modelling approach, the influence diagram brings advantages in helping decision-makers structure complex interdependency problems. A questionnaire was developed to evaluate the applicability of using an influence diagram in modelling spatial objects’ dependencies. As a case study, an SFID is applied to tree-related electric outages. The result of the case study is represented as a vulnerability map of electrical networks. The map shows areas at risk due to tree-related electric outages. The results were first validated by using a visual comparison of the vulnerability map and electricity fault data. In the second validation step, the percentage of fault data, which has received values in different vulnerability categories, was calculated. The results of the case study can be used to support the decision-making process of electrical network maintenance and planning.     

Flaring arches

We discuss first the development of the coronal arch-shaped structure of 57000 km length which was born at or before 08:00 UT on 6 November, 1980 and became the site of 13 quasi-periodic brightenings in hard X-rays from 10:00 to 14:30 UT. The same structure became the site of a series of 17 flaring arches between 15:30 and 24:00 UT on that day. The periodicity of 19 min, defined well for the quasi-periodic variations, seems to be partly retained during the occurrence of the flaring arches.The flaring arch studied in Paper I (called SB arch) was the brightest event of this set of events. This paper presents its extended analysis and also an analysis of three other flaring arches that occurred in this configuration. All these events exhibit similar characteristics and thus demonstrate that the flaring arch is a distinct solar phenomenon with specific characteristic properties.A comparison of H, Ov, and X-ray data for the SB arch essentially confirmed, in a quantitative way, the qualitative interpretation of the flow of emitting plasma through the arch proposed in Paper I. In particular, these data show: (1) a hot conduction front producing X-rays in the least dense plasma ahead, a decelerating more dense plasma bulk seen next in Ov, and still more decelerating very dense plasma eventually visible in emission in H; (2) a gradient of densities from the primary towards the secondary footpoint, by factor 3 in X-rays, one order of magnitude in Ov, and probably more in the densest loops emitting in H; (3) the secondary footpoint with hard X-ray spectrum, predominantly excited by particle streams.Member of the Carrera del Investigador, CONICET, Argentina.     

Industrialization of Slovenia

A new European state, the Republic of Slovenia, was constituted in 1991. It used to be considered the most industrialized and economically developed federal unit of the former Yugoslavia. There were (in 1990) 362,732 workers employed in manufactur industry, which meant 46% of all employees in Slovenia. The industrialization occurred in two waves: the first one before the Great War, and the second one, imposed and conducted by the communist regime, in the 1960's and 1970's. The latter promoted the establishing of factories all over Slovenia, particularly in the less developed regions. This process was prolonged, and the result of universal industrialization of Slovenia was that 464 Slovenian settlements had one or more industrial plants. The willful industrialization caused the substantial transformation of society, and left its traces in geographic features of Slovenia as well. The intended incorporation of Slovenia into the international market will cause considerable dilemmas and a crisis in this type of industrialization.     

The global and local correlation between the Venus gravity field and its topography

The correlation between the undulations of the equipotential and topography surface of Venus have been investigated over 16 meridional sections as well as, in the global scale. The correlation is, in general high. However, the figure parameters of the ellipsoids best fitting the surface in question differ significantly. The global features like figures of the best-fitting ellipsoids are mutually strange.     

Energization of plasma in a weak magnetic field and structure of the geomagnetic tail

A two-fluid plasma is described as a single continuum characterised by the generalised tensor of mechanical pressure and generalised vector of flow of mechanical energy. Plasma energization due to the transfer of mechanical energy inside the plasma body is emphasised and the energization of plasma by conversion of the electromagnetic energy into the mechanical energy is discussed. Two kinds of conversion associated with the convection electric field –(1/c)V×B and with the deviationE ^* of the total electric field from –(1/c)V×B are distinguished. TheV×B-field is related to the work done upon the plasma, while theE ^*-field is related to the plasma heating.Plasma motions with scale length larger than the Debye distance, taking place in the central part of the Earth-plasma sheet, are considered. The change of energy of any element of plasma is due mainly to the transfer of mechanical energy across the element's boundary; the EM-field is not strong enough to make a significant contribution. The work done by the internal loads is the main source of mechanical energy in the configurations in which the physical quantities do not vary along the current lines. The rates of change of the kinetic and internal energies are comparable. The transfer of mechanical energy is the principal source of the kinetic energy also in the general case when the physical quantities vary along the current lines. Conversion of the EM energy into mechanical energy is the main source of the internal energy in this case. In the tail plasma located outside the central part of the plasma sheet, conversion of the EM-energy into mechanical energy, which is due to the work done by the EM-force, takes place. The tail plasma is likely to undergo a two-phase energization process: first, it is accelerated and later, when it approaches the neutral sheet, it is heated.