A Unique Solvable Higher Order BEM for Wave Diffraction and Radiation

- For the discretization of higher order elements, this paper presents a modified integral domain method to remove the irregular frequencies inherited in the integral equation of wave diffraction and radiation from a surface-piercing body. The set of over-determined linear equations obtained from the method is modified into a normal set of linear equations by superposing a set of linear equations with zero solutions. Numerical experiments have also been carried out to find the optimum choice of the size of the auxiliary domain and the discretization on it.     

Wave-Induced Seepage Force Acting on Cylinder Groups

Wave-induced seepage force acting on cylinder groups is studied by using Biot consolidation theory in this paper. Both tandem arrangement and side by side arrangement are considered simultaneously. The variations of the coefficient of grouping effect with the distance between cylinders for different KD are discussed. In order to verify the numerical solution, several sets of experiments are conducted. The agreement between numerical and experimental solutions is satisfactory.     

Analysis of Thermal Transfer of Reinforced Concrete Submarine Oil Tanks

-The temperature distributions obtained by different methods of analysis for solving thermal transfer of reinforced concrete (R. C.) submarine oil tanks (RCSOT), including flat wall method, cylinder wall method and finite element method, are compared with the experimental data of thermal transfer of RCSOT. The precision and scope of applicability of different methods are discussed. The principle for selecting analysis method for solving thermal transfer of RCSOT is given. The analytical and experimental temperature distributions show that the wall of RCSOT should consist of double walls and empty space between them should be filled with sand or other heat insulation materials to reduce the temperature difference of the wall and to prevent concrete from cracking.     

Numerical Prediction of Regular Wave Breaking on Very Gentle Slopes

Regular wave deformation and breaking on very gende slopes is calculated by Mixed-Eulerian-Lagrangian procedure. The velocity potentials and their normal derivatives on the boundary are calculated through the mixed 0-1 boundary element method. The wave elevation and the potentials of time-stepping integration are detertnined by the 2nd-order Taylor expansion at the nodes of free surface boundary elements. During calculation the x-coordinates of the free surface element nodes are supposed to remain unchanged, i.e. the partial derivatives of wave elevation and potentials with respect to x are considered as zero. The numerical results of asymmetric parameters of breaking waves are verified by experimental study. It is shown that when the wave asymmetry is weak, the maximum horizontal velocity of water particales occurs at the wave peak and, the average ratio of this maximum velocity to wave celerity is 0.96. However, when the wave asymmetry is strong, the maximum horizontal velocity of water particles occu     

Application of VOF in Calculating Wave Energy Loss due to Spilling Breaker

- A large amount of experimental analysis and systematical theoretical calculation has been done by the authors to solve the problem of wave transformation and breaking, considering the effect of both current and topography, but only the wave energy loss due to spilling breaker in the surf zone has been discussed in this paper. Based on test result analysis and calculation with the Stream Function Wave Theory, the wave velocity field at breaking points has been obtained, and it is used to calculate the wave heights after breaking by the VOF (Volume of Fluid) method, in which the governing equations are continuity equation and Navier-Stokes Equation for imcompressible fluids. In the present paper, the improved VOF technique is used to calculate the wave heights of stable regular waves after breaking. Results fit the test data well, which shows that the VOF method is suitable to numerical simulation of regular waves after breaking. Besides, the breaker coefficient B of regular waves in the bore model is a     

Fatigue Properties of Plain Concrete Under Triaxial Compressive Cyclic Loading

Experiments were made on plain concrete subjected to triaxial static loading and constant-amphtude compressive fatigue loading with a constant lateral pressure in two directions. The initial confining pressure was O, O. lfc, O. 25fc and O. 4fc, respectively, for the static test, and O. lfc and O. 25fc for the fatigue test. Based on the triaxial compressive constitutive behavior of concrete, the inflexion of confining pressure evolution was chosen to be the fatigue damage criterion during the test. The rule of evolution of longitudinal maximum and minimum strains, longitudinal cyclic modulus and damage were recorded and analyzed. According to the Fardis-Chen criterion model and the concept of equivalent fatigue life and equivalent stress level, a unified S-N curve for multi-axial compressive fatigue loading was proposed. Thus, the fatigue strength factors for different fatigue loading cases can be obtained. The present investigation provides information for the fatigue design of concrete structures.     

Interaction Between Waves and A Comb-Type Breakwater

The characteristics of wave transmission, reflection and energy dissipation of comb-type caisson breakwaters are studied through laboratory physical model tests. Regular and irregular waves, with a wide range of wave heights and periods and a constant water depth, are considered. Different dimensions of each portion of the comb-type caisson breakwater are tested. Empirical formulae for calculating the reduction coefficient k, which is the ratio of horizontal wave force on unit length of the comb-type breakwater to that on unit length of the vertical wall breakwater, and for calculating the reflection coefficient of waves k, are obtained from the measurements. The comb-type caisson breakwater has been found to be very efficient in dissipating incident wave energy and in reducing wave reflection, and has already been used for the construction of an island breakwater in the Dayao Bay of Dalian Port, Liaoning Province, China. Compared with the cost of a common caisson breakwater, about 24. 5% of the investm     

Fuzzy Probabilistic Analysis of Seismic Stability of Coastal Embankment

The stability of slope is affected by a number of factors, some of which have not only random property but also fuzzy characteristic. Therefore, the analysis of slope stability is really an uncertain problem. The customary safety factor does not in reality reflect stability scientifically, quantitatively and practically. In order to obtain more practical results, the slope stability is treated as a fuzzy random event for the evaluation of its fuzzy probability. Finally, the seismic stability of an existing coastal embankment is analyzed by means of the suggested fuzzy probabilistic method. It may be seen that the results of analysis can more fully represent the numerical assessment of the degree of slope seismic stability.     

Application of DDA Approach to Simulation of Ice Breaking Process and Evaluation of Ice Force Acting on A Structure

The sea ice is idealized as an elastic-brittle material. When an ice sheet moves toward a structure, the dynamic in-teraction between ice and the structure is analyzed by the DDA (Discontinuous Deformation Analysis) approach, where the ice sheet and the structure are considered as assemblages of blocky masses. This has the advantages that the whole process of collision between the ice and structure can be shown visually vvith a series of pictures. Meanwhile, the dynamic response of the structure at each time step after the bumping of the ice against the structure is calculated. And with the aid of inverse analysis developed by the authors, the time history of the resultant ice force exerting on the structure is evaluated. A numerical example shows that the proposed approach is suitable to the simulation of the ice-breaking process and reasonable result of ice force acting on the structure can be obtained.     

Stress Variation Model of Bond Stress-Slip Relationship Between Steel Bar and Concrete

Based on the experimental data, a stress variation model of the bond stress-slip relationship between steel bar and concrete is established. The characteristic of the model is that the boundary conditions are satisfied very well; the effects of the material properties, the concrete cover, the crack spacing and the distance from the cracked cross section are considered. Good agreement between measured and calculated bond stress-slip relationship is found. This model is useful for the study of the stiffness, deformation and crack width of reinforced concrete members, and for the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete structures by the finite element method.