Interpretation of sea surface wind interannual vector EOFs over the China seas

Using interpolation and averaging methods, we analyzed the sea surface wind data obtained from December 1992 to November 2008 by the scatterometers ERS-1, ERS-2, and QuikSCAT in the area of 2°N–39 °N, 105°E–130°E, and we reported the monthly mean distributions of the sea surface wind field. A vector empirical orthogonal function (VEOF) method was employed to study the data and three temporal and spatial patterns were obtained. The first interannual VEOF accounts for 26% of the interannual variance and displays the interannual variability of the East Asian monsoon. The second interannual VEOF accounts for 21% of the variance and reflects the response of China sea winds to El Nio events. The temporal mode of VEOF-2 is in good agreement with the curve of the Nio 3.4 index with a four-month lag. The spatial mode of VEOF-2 indicates that four months after an El Nio event, the southwesterly anomalous winds over the northern South China Sea, the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea can weaken the prevailing winds in winter, and can strengthen the prevailing winds in summer. The third interannual VEOF accounts for 10% of the variance and also reflects the influence of the ENSO events to China Sea winds. The temporal mode of VEOF-3 is similar to the curve of the Southern Oscillation Index. The spatial mode of VEOF-3 shows that the northeasterly anomalous winds over the South China Sea and the southern part of the East China Sea can weaken the prevailing winds, and southwesterly anomalous winds over the northern part of the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea can strengthen the prevailing winds when El Nio occurs in winter. If El Nio happens in summer, the reverse is true.     

Hydraulic Modeling of A Curtain-Walled Dissipater by the Coupling of RANS and Boussinesq Equations

A hybrid numerical method for the hydraulic modeling of a curtain-walled dissipater of reflected waves from breakwa-ters is presented. In this method, a zonal approach that combines a nonlinear weakly dispersive wave (Boussinesq-type equation) method and a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method is used. The Boussinesq-type equation is solved in the far field to describe wave transformation in shallow water. The RANS method is used in the near field to re-solve the turbulent boundary layer and vortex flows around the structure. Suitable matching conditions are enforced at the interface between the viscous and the Boussinesq region. The Coupled RANS and Boussinesq method successfully resolves the vortex characteristics of flow in the vicinity of the structure, while unexpected phenomena like wave re-reflection are effectively controlled by lengthening the Boussinesq region. Extensive results on hydraulic performance of a curtain-walled dissipater and the mechanism of dissipation of reflected waves     

深层膏盐体局部层析速度建模

在山前带和超深层等复杂探区,深部通常会发育低速的膏盐岩体,给速度建模带来很大困难,影响最终成像的质量和可靠性。常规网格层析方法很难适应由这种特殊地质体造成的剧烈的横向速度变化,为此引入针对深层膏盐体的局部层析速度建模方法,通过构造新的速度异常体层析目标函数,将岩下局部剩余残差通过层析转化为特殊岩性体速度更新量,进一步提升特殊岩性体速度模型精度,有效提高岩下成像质量。实际资料处理结果验证了局部层析方法的有效性,为复杂探区油气勘探提供了有效的技术支撑。     

源区黑潮季节变异及其动力机制的数值研究

应用POM2K模式对中国海黑潮区气候态平均环流进行了数值模拟。采用正交曲线网格, 模式区域为太平洋海盆, 特别的在中国海区域进行加密并较好的拟合了岸线; 垂向分为21层, 并在海表9层以上采用对数网格分布; 采用COADS气候态月平均的风应力, 并将模式的温度结果和MODIS月平均的SST数据进行同化, 然后将模式模拟出的流量、海表高度异常同实测数据和卫星观测数据进行了对比验证, 结果均显示模拟结果可信度较高。接着本文探讨了北赤道流分岔位置季节性的变化对源区黑潮流量的影响, 结果表明, 秋冬季节北赤道流分岔位置较靠北, 源区黑潮流量较大, 而春夏季节北赤道流分岔位置较靠南, 黑潮流量较小。在此基础上, 针对源区黑潮的动力机制进行了数值实验。实验中主要考虑了以下动力因子对源区黑潮季节性变化的影响: (1)风应力; (2)非线性; (3)黑潮的斜压敏感性, 然后通过与控制实验的对比, 讨论了不同的动力因素对吕宋海峡净流量和吕宋海峡上层环流场的影响。     

WAVEWATCHIII 同化模块的建立和检验

将基于最优插值 (OI) 的同化并行模块植入全谱空间的第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCH III version3.14,建立数据同化的海浪模式预报系统, 并通过实际的预报个例对同化系统进行检验。个例实验是以5°S 以北的印度洋海域为目标计算区域, 海面风场强迫采用业务单位的中尺度天气预报模式WRF(weather research and forecast) 提供的逐时海面风场预报产品。模式积分过程中连续同化2010 年12 月15 日、16 日和17 日过境北印度洋的Jason-2 卫星高度计沿轨有效波高 (SWH) 数据 (需要指出的是, 每次同化得到新的SWH 分析场后需重构相应的二维海浪谱用于谱模式)。SWH 同化分析值和无同化的对照组分别与高度计沿轨观测数据比较发现, 就日平均统计来看, 同化较无同化使SWH分析值的均方根误差减小约25%～50%。以SWH 同化分析场作为初始场的预报表明, 同化对预报影响的时效性可延长至48～60 h。本研究目的是通过将高度计测量的SWH 数据同化到海浪模式进一步提升海浪数值预报的准确度。     

数据同化的南海台风浪后报模式

将基于最优插值(OI)的同化并行模块植入第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCH III version3.14, 建立数据同化的台风海浪模式预报系统。该系统的强迫风场采用模型台风风场与台风来前海区背景风场混成的风场。以模式后报2010 年7 月严重影响南海北部的“康森”和“灿都”台风引起的海浪场为例, 首先对所构造的混合风场的台风海面风场结构进行定性检验, 并用高度计沿轨风速对混合风场精度进行定量验证。在此基础上, 海浪模式在混合风场强迫下边积分边同化。同化数据采用上述台风过境南海期间Jason-2 卫星高度计沿轨有效波高 (SWH)。值得指出的是, 同化时只取SWH 沿轨数据的一部分用于同化计算, 而另一部分沿轨数据则用于对同化分析结果进行检验。先后同化了4 条轨道上的SWH数据。将SWH 的同化分析与无同化的对照组结果分别与高度计测量SWH 比较, 发现同化较无同化可使均方根误差获得50%以上的明显改进。以同化分析场作为初始场, 同化影响预报(这里是后报)的时效性约在48 h 以内。本研究目的是通过同化高度计SWH 数据进一步提升台风海浪模式预报的准确度。     

Characteristics of nonlinear internal waves observed in the northern South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the most active areas of internal waves. We undertook a program of physical oceanography in the northern South China Sea from June to July of 2009, and conducted a 1-day observation from 15:40 of June 24 to 16:40 of June 25 using a chain of instruments, including temperature sensors, pressure sensors and temperature-pressure meters at a site (117.5°E, 21°N) northeast of the Dongsha Islands. We measured fluctuating tidal and subtidal properties with the thermistor-chain and a ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, and observed a large-amplitude nonlinear internal wave passing the site followed by a number of small ones. To further investigate this phenomenon, we collected the tidal constituents from the TPXO7.1 dataset to evaluate the tidal characteristics at and around the recording site, from which we knew that the amplitude of the nonlinear internal wave was about 120 m and the period about 20 min. The horizontal and vertical velocities induced by the soliton were approximately 2 m/s and 0.5 m/s, respectively. This soliton occurred 2–3 days after a spring tide.     

北印度洋海浪背景误差分析和同化预报初步评估

基于背景误差分析中的观测法,利用Jason-1卫星高度计沿轨有效波高数据并结合Wave Watch Ⅲ海浪模式预报结果,进行北印度洋海域海浪背景误差分析,得到海浪场背景误差方差和各向同性假设下背景误差相关长度的时空分布特征。按经验函数拟合该海域有效波高背景误差协方差时总残差平方和最小的原则给出了更为适用于该海域的描述公式。在上述工作基础上,采用最优插值同化方法将Jason-1和Jason-2卫星高度计有效波高数据连续同化到海浪模式Wave Watch Ⅲ,按业务化标准对2013年1月北印度洋海域的海浪场进行了同化预报试验,经浮标数据检验发现同化可使海浪24 h预报得到明显改进。     

波浪辐射应力对海流模式影响的数值分析

将波浪辐射应力,特别是地转意义下的波浪辐射应力引入海流数值模式POM(princeton ocean model),在渤海海域进行了初步的数值研究。在目前的数值分析中仅考虑了波浪辐射应力的横向分量(也是最重要的分量)。在POM模式中引入非地转和地转意义下的波浪辐射应力两种方案,并与原模式直接运行(即不考虑波浪辐射应力)的结果进行比较。比较显示,波浪辐射应力,特别是地转意义下的波浪辐射应力对海流模式结果的影响不容忽略。在海浪场存在的条件下,由风应力和地转意义下浪致作用力共同作用产生的海流强度应比理论上Ekman漂流的强度大,尤其是在浪致作用力显著的表层,表层流将明显增强,且不会完全符合Ekman漂流理论的转向规律。     

Interpretation of sea surface wind interannual vector EOFs over the China seas

Using interpolation and averaging methods, we analyzed the sea surface wind data obtained from December 1992 to November 2008 by the scatterometers ERS-1, ERS-2, and QuikSCAT in the area of 2°N–39 °N, 105°E–130°E, and we reported the monthly mean distributions of the sea surface wind field. A vector empirical orthogonal function (VEOF) method was employed to study the data and three temporal and spatial patterns were obtained. The first interannual VEOF accounts for 26% of the interannual variance and displays the interannual variability of the East Asian monsoon. The second interannual VEOF accounts for 21% of the variance and reflects the response of China sea winds to El Niño events. The temporal mode of VEOF-2 is in good agreement with the curve of the Niño 3.4 index with a four-month lag. The spatial mode of VEOF-2 indicates that four months after an El Niño event, the southwesterly anomalous winds over the northern South China Sea, the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea can weaken the prevailing winds in winter, and can strengthen the prevailing winds in summer. The third interannual VEOF accounts for 10% of the variance and also reflects the influence of the ENSO events to China Sea winds. The temporal mode of VEOF-3 is similar to the curve of the Southern Oscillation Index. The spatial mode of VEOF-3 shows that the northeasterly anomalous winds over the South China Sea and the southern part of the East China Sea can weaken the prevailing winds, and southwesterly anomalous winds over the northern part of the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea can strengthen the prevailing winds when El Niño occurs in winter. If El Niño happens in summer, the reverse is true.