恩施渔塘坝富硒碳质岩中硒的赋存状态

在渔塘坝富硒碳质岩中发现了自然硒及其系列硒矿物的组合.这些硒矿物有自然硒、方硒铜矿、硒铜蓝、水硒铁石、硒银矿、含硒黄铁矿、含硒黄铜矿和难以确定名称的Fe-Se矿物.其中自然硒、方硒铜矿和硒铜蓝的矿物组合主要分布在断层面附近的碳质硅质岩中,自然硒与方硒铜矿的矿物组合主要分布在高碳质泥岩中,水硒铁石及未确定的Fe-Se矿物主要赋存于露头处的富硒碳质岩中.硒矿物中除自然硒较普遍地存在外,其他矿物并不是均匀地分布于富硒碳质岩中,而是局部性地出现.Cu-Se矿物的大量发育表明铜可能在硒的表生迁移转化中起着某种重要的作用.     

三维GIS技术在固体矿产勘探和开发中的研究与应用

矿业三维GIS是地质矿业信息化的研究重点和热点,是科学计算可视化在地质上的应用,它涵盖地质体的三维可视化、体空间插值等领域.矿业三维GIS软件一般包括空间数据库的建立、三维体的创建和编辑、地统计学分析和预测、地质测绘、露天和地下开采设计、矿山生产计划调度等功能,在理论上应用于矿床模式分析、成矿预测,完善三维GIS的理论和功能;实践中应用于地质勘查、储量计算、经济评价、采矿设计和矿山的生产管理各阶段.     

Improved prediction of clay soil expansion using machine learning algorithms and meta-heuristic dichotomous ensemble classifiers

Soil swelling-related disaster is considered as one of the most devastating geo-hazards in modern history.Hence,proper determination of a soil’s ability to expand is very vital for achieving a secure and safe ground for infrastructures.Accordingly,this study has provided a novel and intelligent approach that enables an improved estimation of swelling by using kernelised machines(Bayesian linear regression(BLR)&bayes point machine(BPM)support vector machine(SVM)and deep-support vector machine(D-SVM));(multiple linear regressor(REG),logistic regressor(LR)and artificial neural network(ANN)),tree-based algorithms such as decision forest(RDF)&boosted trees(BDT).Also,and for the first time,meta-heuristic classifiers incorporating the techniques of voting(VE)and stacking(SE)were utilised.Different independent scenarios of explanatory features’combination that influence soil behaviour in swelling were investigated.Preliminary results indicated BLR as possessing the highest amount of deviation from the predictor variable(the actual swell-strain).REG and BLR performed slightly better than ANN while the meta-heuristic learners(VE and SE)produced the best overall performance(greatest R2 value of 0.94 and RMSE of 0.06%exhibited by VE).CEC,plasticity index and moisture content were the features considered to have the highest level of importance.Kernelized binary classifiers(SVM,D-SVM and BPM)gave better accuracy(average accuracy and recall rate of 0.93 and 0.60)compared to ANN,LR and RDF.Sensitivity-driven diagnostic test indicated that the meta-heuristic models’best performance occurred when ML training was conducted using k-fold validation technique.Finally,it is recommended that the concepts developed herein be deployed during the preliminary phases of a geotechnical or geological site characterisation by using the best performing meta-heuristic models via their background coding resource.     

由面波快速稳健反演地震矩张量的经验方法

给出一种稳健反演方法(也称迭代加权最小二乘IRLS),该方法对分离数据点极不敏感,因为它可以自动剔除异常的数据点,不需要人工仔细检查和控制数据质量。为了使用Tarantola-Valette的迭代广义离散反演方法进行稳健反演,将基于残差和信噪比的不同判据引入到协方差矩阵(作用相当于权重函数)中。在实际应用中,这个算法的作用相当于震源机制初步测定(PDFM),后者在海啸预警中用于快速估计强震震源参数。要反演的输入数据是长周期面波的频谱,输出的计算结果为地震矩张量,根据这些张量获得地震的震源几何形状和主应力轴。这种算法可以应用于任何非线性(迭代)反演计算中,解决污染数据集的分离数据点的问题。     

Could CoRoT-7b and Kepler-10b be remnants of evaporated gas or ice giants?

We present thermal mass loss calculations over evolutionary time scales for the investigation if the smallest transiting rocky exoplanets CoRoT-7b (∼1.68R_Earth) and Kepler-10b (∼1.416R_Earth) could be remnants of an initially more massive hydrogen-rich gas giant or a hot Neptune-class exoplanet. We apply a thermal mass loss formula which yields results that are comparable to hydrodynamic loss models. Our approach considers the effect of the Roche lobe, realistic heating efficiencies and a radius scaling law derived from observations of hot Jupiters. We study the influence of the mean planetary density on the thermal mass loss by placing hypothetical exoplanets with the characteristics of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus to the orbital location of CoRoT-7b at 0.017 AU and Kepler-10b at 0.01684 AU and assuming that these planets orbit a K- or G-type host star. Our findings indicate that hydrogen-rich gas giants within the mass domain of Saturn or Jupiter cannot thermally lose such an amount of mass that CoRoT-7b and Kepler-10b would result in a rocky residue. Moreover, our calculations show that the present time mass of both rocky exoplanets can be neither a result of evaporation of a hydrogen envelope of a “Hot Neptune” nor a “Hot Uranus”-class object. Depending on the initial density and mass, these planets most likely were always rocky planets which could lose a thin hydrogen envelope, but not cores of thermally evaporated initially much more massive and larger objects.     

辽西黄土陡坡的冲刷破坏机制

以70°辽西黄土陡坡为例,在降雨强度为2.7 mm/min条件下对边坡坡面冲刷破坏特征进行了室内物理试验模拟。试验发现：随着降雨的持续坡面水流能量不断增加,致使侵蚀强度增强;边坡的侵蚀方式从试验初期的片蚀,到中期的细沟侵蚀,最后演化为坡顶部的切沟侵蚀和坍塌。基于试验成果,采用SEEP/W程序对降雨条件下边坡降雨入渗规律进行数值模拟,发现在降雨过程中坡顶部所产生的水头压力最大,随高度降低呈减小趋势;运用PFC2D颗粒流软件从微观角度对坡体土颗粒运动情况进行模拟,结果发现位于坡顶的颗粒最先被径流冲刷带走,且下落速度很快。经对比表明：数值模拟结果和物理模拟试验现象基本一致,可为进一步研究黄土边坡冲刷破坏规律提供参考。     

青藏高原东南部贡嘎山海螺沟冰川冰下沉积物形成与变形

冰岩界面的冰川动力学是冰川系统的重要组成部分, 海螺沟冰川地处温暖湿润的海洋环境, 冰川运动速度较快, 冰川底部接近压融点, 是研究冰下过程的较理想地点. 在海螺沟冰川大型磨光面上浅显侵蚀坑内发现了碎屑物质. 对碎屑物质理化特征研究表明: 粒度特征、地球化学与石英砂SEM 分析表明沉积在冰岩界面上的物质来自于冰川底部的底碛层, 而不是冰上环境的产物. 偏光显微镜下观察到的冰下沉积物呈现出一系列塑性变形(微旋转、褶皱)和脆性变形(线性结构、支撑结构、断层)微观结构和构造. 两种变形结构的存在是碎屑物质在形成过程中其含水量波动情况的反映. 冰下碎屑物质是冰下融出、滞碛作用的共同产物. 在整个冰下碎屑物质形成与变形过程中, 由于冰下水系季节性变化带来的冰岩界面上冰川融水含量的波动起了决定性作用.     

节约集约利用资源是大战略

温家宝总理在政府工作报告中强调,要"加强转变经济发展方式,促进经济持续健康发展"。李克强副总理曾指出,"发展是硬道理,节约是大战略"。发展是解决中国所有问题的关键,但如何节约集约发展,则是我们必须着重思考的问题。连日来,全国两会代表、委员热议我国经济转型发展中面临的诸多难题,求解科学发展之道。其中,"打好资源节约牌"成为大家共同的呼声。     

大量进口煤涌入我国,是喜是忧?

2012年,我国累计进口煤炭2.9亿吨,进口量达到历史最高水平,居世界第一,超位居第二位的日本近亿吨。据我国海关部门日前提供的最新数据显示,2012年,我国累计进口较2011年增加1.076亿吨,同比增长59%。也是在这一年5月份之后,煤炭价格快速下行,煤炭库存增加,煤炭企业经营困难。除了需求放缓和产能释放外,进口煤增加的冲击是重要原因。究     

辽宁与俄罗斯远东地区以及西伯利亚地区能源投资合作要有新思路

能源在未来的经济发展中扮演者重要角色。随着我国的经济发展,能源问题已经上升为战略问题。我国在石油能源方面并不富裕,要确保石油安全,就必须走石油进口多元化道路。俄罗斯是一个石油、天然气资源极为丰富的世界能源强国。2008年的世界金融危机为我们提供了一次与俄罗斯远东地区以及西伯利亚地区在能源合作方面的良机。双方携手开辟出一条振兴与开发之路。