Settlement distribution and its relationship with environmental changes from the Neolithic to Shang-Zhou dynasties in northern Shandong, China

In this paper, the spatial and temporal distribution of the settlement sites of six periods from the Neolithic Age to the Shang and Zhou dynasties in northern Shandong was investigated using the ArcGIS program, and the relationship between settlement distribution and environmental changes was discussed, based on the proxy records of climatic and environmental change contained in the sediments from three sections at the Shuangwangcheng site and the previous work. The results show that the climate was warm and humid and the sea level was relatively high during the period of 8000-5000 a BP in the study area, and the ancient people lived in the relatively flat （slope of 〈2°） areas at high elevation （20-300 m above sea level）, such as diluvial tableland and alluvial plain. On the other hand, few archaeological sites in the low-lying plain in the west of the study area indicate that few people lived there during that period. This might be attributed to frequent flooding in the area. After 5000 years ago, the scope of human activity extended to the area close to the sea because the relatively colder and drier climate results in sea-level fall, meanwhile the low-lying plain in the west was occupied by the ancient people. The study area of this period was characterized by the rapid development of prehistoric culture, the intensified social stratification and the emergence of early city-states. However, around 4000 a BP, the abrupt change in climate and the increase in frequency and intensity of floods severely disrupted human activities, and eventually led to the decline of the Yueshi culture. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the climatic conditions gradually stabilized in a mild-dry state, which promoted the redevelopment and flourish of the Bronze Culture. The previous situation, which was characteristic of sparse human settlements due to freshwater shortage and unfitted conditions for sedentary agriculture, changed during the Shang and Zhou dynasties in northern coastal wetlands.Local residents effectively adapted themselves to the tough environmental conditions by producing sea-salt, which led to the rapid growth of human activities.     

浙江田螺山遗址古盐度及其环境背景同河姆渡文化演化的关系(英文)

Paleosalinity records of the Tianluoshan site are derived from measurations data of clay mineral,boron,strontium,barium,after field sampling in three profiles of the Tianluoshan site.The relative sea level changes are discussed according to the lab results.The record indicates that the region where the Tianluoshan site located has witnessed at least three times of relative sea level high-stand before,during and after the Hemudu period.Based on previous researches,this paper also focuses on discussing severa...     

澧阳平原晚冰期短尺度气候变化的风成沉积物稀土元素和粒度记录

对澧阳平原SL剖面的系统采样和室内稀土元素分析、粒度分析和AMS14C年代测定,揭示了澧阳平原岗地黄土剖面成因特征,探讨了澧阳平原晚冰期短尺度的气候变化过程。结果表明,澧阳平原岗地黄土在稀土元素配分模式上与黄土高原黄土-古土壤、镇江下蜀黄土具有高度的一致性,而且岗地剖面沉积物无任何水流作用痕迹,因此表明,澧阳平原岗地黄土剖面为风成成因。粒度结果表明,SL剖面较好地记录了晚冰期短尺度的气候变化过程,SL遗址剖面自然沉积物记录了晚冰期千年尺度的气候事件,如BL事件、OlderYD事件、AL事件、YD事件。SL剖面全新世早期表现为升温阶段,9.0～8.00kaBP的彭头山文化在此区兴起,表明此时气候相当适宜,适合人类生存。     

水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料对硫铝酸盐水泥固化土性能影响及机制分析

水泥土固化过程中Ca2+浓度会随水化反应的进行而逐步降低,导致水泥颗粒未完全水化,固化土强度增长受限,而水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料（CCCW）中活性物质能催化未水化水泥颗粒反应。选择硫铝酸盐水泥（SAC）为胶凝材料、CCCW为添加剂,通过单掺与复掺的方式,结合X射线衍射（XRD）、电镜扫描（SEM）表征,分析了固化土的无侧限抗压强度、水稳定性、耐干湿循环性能及微观结构。结果表明,复掺16%混合料（4%CCCW+12%SAC）的固化土强度是同掺量下单掺SAC固化土强度的1.5倍,且比单掺20%SAC的固化土强度高1.41 MPa;复掺16%混合料（4%CCCW+12%SAC）的固化土泡水2～8 d软化系数平均达0.97,而同掺量下SAC固化土平均仅为0.73;单掺的固化土强度随干湿循环次数增加逐级降低,而复掺混合料的固化土强度呈波浪式发展;CCCW中活性物质能增加固化土中钙矾石生成量并修复微裂缝,钙矾石长径比显著增大,可直接连接两个甚至多个土颗粒,形成三维网状结构,显著提高结晶体的微观加筋、骨架及填充作用,改善SAC固化土强度、水稳定性及耐干湿循环性能。     

浙江上山遗址剖面记录中更新世以来的环境演变

通过对上山文化遗址的野外勘察、野外采样和室内粒度、磁化率、释光年代(OSL)和AMS14C年代分析,探讨了上山地区地貌演变过程,分析了上山文化形成与发展的环境背景。研究结果表明,中更新世早期,上山地区为河流相砾石层堆积,中更新世晚期173kaBP左右,由于气候和海面变化及其新构造运动的影响,形成了河流的二级阶地。而后阶地上接受风尘堆积,形成了中更新世晚期的网纹红土。晚更新世,粉尘堆积加速,堆积了厚约1m的下蜀黄土。全新世(11.5kaBP-)开始,气候转暖,粉尘堆积速率降低,上山台地上保存有命名为"上山文化"的新石器遗址,其年代为11400￣8600aBP,遗址中发掘出大量陶器和石器工具,并发现有栽培水稻遗存,这是迄今为止长江下游地区发现的最早新石器遗址,是探索该地区农业起源和新石器文化演化具有重要意义的地点。上山台地西侧低地经历了河流相—湖沼相—河流相—湖沼相的地貌过程,并且AMS14C年代表明,西侧水源消亡于距今1000多年,而台地东侧仍有河流流过,表明上山遗址所处地貌位置为靠近河湖水源的河流阶地之上覆有风成黄土的低平台地。     

围压对粉质粘土动力学参数影响的共振柱试验研究

土的最大动剪切模量、剪应变幅和阻尼比是对土层进行动力反应分析的重要力学参数。利用英国GDS公司生产的RCA共振柱仪,研究围压对都江堰地区粉质粘土的上述动力学参数的影响。研究表明：相同围压条件下,最大动剪切模量、剪应变幅和阻尼比随重复次数基本不变,表明该试验过程具有可重复性;最大动剪切模量、剪应变幅和阻尼比均受围压影响较大,随着围压的增大,最大动剪切模量和阻尼比均逐渐增大,而剪应变幅随着围压的增大逐渐减小。据此,建立了都江堰地区粉质粘土动力学参数随围压变化的经验公式。本研究可为土层地震动力反应分析提供参考并积累基础资料。     

洞庭盆地第四纪红土地层及古气候研究

洞庭盆地周缘广泛发育着第四纪红土地层,我们在野外对典型红土剖面进行了考察,并在岳阳市月山红土剖面进行了取样,在室内对土壤样品进行了磁化率、粘土矿物和粒度等实验分析,从而对洞庭盆地第四纪红土地层的剖面特征进行了研究,在此基础上,对洞庭盆地第四纪古气候变迁进行了探讨。月山红土剖面地层界限清晰,剖面特征明显,与中国南方其它的红土地层具有较好的地层对比性。月山红土剖面磁化率和粘土矿物分析表明:中更新世早期洞庭盆地气候干凉,中更新世晚期转为湿热;晚更新世早期气候仍保持湿热,晚更新世晚期则转为干凉;全新世以来洞庭盆地的气候再次转为湿热。粒度分析表明月山红土剖面第四纪沉积物的沉积环境为洪水盆地中的泛滥平原环境。     

考虑时空效应的软弱围岩隧道施工稳定性研究

以达(州)成(都)高速铁路家乡沟隧道为背景,利用有限差分软件FLAC3D并采用伯格斯流变本构模型对软弱围岩隧道施工稳定性进行研究,得出了隧道某一目标横断面上围岩位移、围岩压力和支护结构受力及内力随时间和空间的变化规律和数值大小,并将计算结果与现场实测数据进行比较验证。研究结果表明:在开挖面前方1.5~2.0倍洞径和开挖面后方2倍洞径范围内,围岩变形主要由空间效应所引起;在上述范围之外,围岩变形主要由围岩的流变属性所引起。由于围岩的流变效应,围岩压力、初支与二衬的接触压力和支护结构受力及内力均随时间而发生变化。在围岩刚开挖时,结构受力及内力增长较快,达到某一值后逐渐变缓;二衬施筑以后,在围岩的流变作用下,结构受力及内力逐渐增加,但速度较慢,最终有可能造成拱脚、拱腰、仰拱等应力较大部位首先破坏。     

四川盆地普光气田上二叠统长兴组表生岩溶特征及意义

四川盆地二叠系和三叠系的接触关系以及长兴组岩溶成因的认识,地质界一直存在较大分歧。通过野外露头、钻井、岩心、成像测井、C-O同位素等资料研究发现,普光气田长兴组发育大规模溶沟、溶洞、囊状溶洞、岩溶角砾岩; P/T界线附近长兴组溶蚀灰岩碳同位素发生严重负偏移;长兴组顶见不整合面,成像测井岩溶相带划分明显;长兴组顶部存在地层缺失。综合分析认为,普光气田长兴组发生过表生岩溶作用,长兴阶晚期重大海退事件是引起表生岩溶的主要因素。长兴组长期接受表生岩溶作用的改造,除形成台地边缘礁滩相储集层外,在礁滩欠发育的台地内部和台地前缘上斜坡等区带,是寻找不整合岩溶储集层的有利地区。